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206 lines
8.6 KiB
HTML
Executable file
206 lines
8.6 KiB
HTML
Executable file
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
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"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
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<!-- Copyright (c) Jeremy Siek and Andrew Lumsdaine 2000, David Abrahams 2007 -->
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<!-- Distributed under the Boost -->
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<!-- Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying -->
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<!-- file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt) -->
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<head>
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<meta name="generator" content=
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"HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 1 September 2005), see www.w3.org" />
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<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../rst.css" type="text/css" />
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<title>Concept Checking Implementation</title>
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</head>
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<body bgcolor="#FFFFFF" link="#0000EE" text="#000000" vlink="#551A8B" alink=
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"#FF0000">
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<img src="../../boost.png" alt="C++ Boost" width="277" height=
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"86" /><br clear="none" />
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<h2><a name="warning" id="warning"><font color=
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"red">Warning</font></a></h2>
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<p><font color="red">This documentation is out-of-date; similar but
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newer implementation techniques are now used. This documentation
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also refers to components and protocols in the library's old
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interface such as <code>BOOST_CLASS_REQUIRES</code>
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and <code>constraints()</code> functions, which are still supported
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but deprecated.</font></p>
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<h2><a name="implementation" id="implementation">Implementation</a></h2>
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<p>Ideally we would like to catch, and indicate, the concept violation at
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the point of instantiation. As mentioned in D&E[<a href=
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"bibliography.htm#stroustrup94:_design_evolution">2</a>], the error can be
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caught by exercising all of the requirements needed by the function
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template. Exactly how the requirements (the valid expressions in
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particular) are exercised is a tricky issue, since we want the code to be
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compiled—<i>but not executed</i>. Our approach is to exercise the
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requirements in a separate function that is assigned to a function pointer.
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In this case, the compiler will instantiate the function but will not
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actually invoke it. In addition, an optimizing compiler will remove the
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pointer assignment as ``dead code'' (though the run-time overhead added by
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the assignment would be trivial in any case). It might be conceivable for a
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compiler to skip the semantic analysis and compilation of the constraints
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function in the first place, which would make our function pointer
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technique ineffective. However, this is unlikely because removal of
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unnecessary code and functions is typically done in later stages of a
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compiler. We have successfully used the function pointer technique with GNU
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C++, Microsoft Visual C++, and several EDG-based compilers (KAI C++, SGI
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MIPSpro). The following code shows how this technique can be applied to the
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<tt>std::stable_sort()</tt> function:</p>
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<pre>
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template <class RandomAccessIterator>
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void stable_sort_constraints(RandomAccessIterator i)
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{
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typename std::iterator_traits<RandomAccessIterator>
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::difference_type n;
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i += n; // exercise the requirements for RandomAccessIterator
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...
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}
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template <class RandomAccessIterator>
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void stable_sort(RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessIterator last)
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{
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typedef void (*fptr_type)(RandomAccessIterator);
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fptr_type x = &stable_sort_constraints;
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...
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}
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</pre>
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<p>There is often a large set of requirements that need to be checked, and
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it would be cumbersome for the library implementor to write constraint
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functions like <tt>stable_sort_constraints()</tt> for every public
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function. Instead, we group sets of valid expressions together, according
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to the definitions of the corresponding concepts. For each concept we
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define a concept checking class template where the template parameter is
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for the type to be checked. The class contains a <tt>constraints()</tt>
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member function which exercises all of the valid expressions of the
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concept. The objects used in the constraints function, such as <tt>n</tt>
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and <tt>i</tt>, are declared as data members of the concept checking
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class.</p>
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<pre>
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template <class Iter>
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struct RandomAccessIteratorConcept
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{
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void constraints()
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{
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i += n;
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...
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}
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typename std::iterator_traits<RandomAccessIterator>
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::difference_type n;
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Iter i;
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...
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};
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</pre>
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<p>We can still use the function pointer mechanism to cause instantiation
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of the constraints function, however now it will be a member function
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pointer. To make it easy for the library implementor to invoke the concept
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checks, we wrap the member function pointer mechanism in a function named
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<tt>function_requires()</tt>. The following code snippet shows how to use
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<tt>function_requires()</tt> to make sure that the iterator is a <a href=
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"http://www.boost.org/sgi/stl/RandomAccessIterator.html">RandomAccessIterator</a>.</p>
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<pre>
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template <class Iter>
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void stable_sort(Iter first, Iter last)
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{
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function_requires< RandomAccessIteratorConcept<Iter> >();
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...
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}
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</pre>
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<p>The definition of the <tt>function_requires()</tt> is as follows. The
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<tt>Concept</tt> is the concept checking class that has been instantiated
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with the modeling type. We assign the address of the constraints member
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function to the function pointer <tt>x</tt>, which causes the instantiation
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of the constraints function and checking of the concept's valid
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expressions. We then assign <tt>x</tt> to <tt>x</tt> to avoid unused
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variable compiler warnings, and wrap everything in a do-while loop to
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prevent name collisions.</p>
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<pre>
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template <class Concept>
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void function_requires()
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{
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void (Concept::*x)() = BOOST_FPTR Concept::constraints;
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ignore_unused_variable_warning(x);
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}
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</pre>
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<p>To check the type parameters of class templates, we provide the
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<tt>BOOST_CLASS_REQUIRE</tt> macro which can be used inside the body of a
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class definition (whereas <tt>function_requires()</tt> can only be used
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inside of a function body). This macro declares a nested class template,
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where the template parameter is a function pointer. We then use the nested
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class type in a typedef with the function pointer type of the constraint
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function as the template argument. We use the <tt>type_var</tt> and
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<tt>concept</tt> names in the nested class and typedef names to help
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prevent name collisions.</p>
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<pre>
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#define BOOST_CLASS_REQUIRE(type_var, ns, concept) \
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typedef void (ns::concept <type_var>::* func##type_var##concept)(); \
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template <func##type_var##concept _Tp1> \
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struct concept_checking_##type_var##concept { }; \
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typedef concept_checking_##type_var##concept< \
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BOOST_FPTR ns::concept<type_var>::constraints> \
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concept_checking_typedef_##type_var##concept
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</pre>
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<p>In addition, there are versions of <tt>BOOST_CLASS_REQUIRE</tt> that
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take more arguments, to handle concepts that include interactions between
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two or more types. <tt>BOOST_CLASS_REQUIRE</tt> was not used in the
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implementation of the BCCL concept checks because some compilers do not
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implement template parameters of function pointer type.
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<!-- We decided not to go with this version since it is easier to misuse
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To check the type parameters of class templates, we provide the
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<tt>class_requires</tt> class which can be used inside the body of a
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class definition (whereas <tt>function_requires()</tt> can only be
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used inside of a function body). <tt>class_requires</tt> declares a
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nested class template, where the template parameter is a function
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pointer. We then use the nested class type in a typedef with the
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function pointer type of the constraint function as the template
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argument.
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<pre>
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template <class Concept>
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class class_requires
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{
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typedef void (Concept::* function_pointer)();
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template <function_pointer Fptr>
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struct dummy_struct { };
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public:
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typedef dummy_struct< BOOST_FPTR Concept::constraints > check;
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};
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</pre>
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<tt>class_requires</tt> was not used in the implementation of the
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Boost Concept Checking Library concept checks because several
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compilers do not implement template parameters of function pointer
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type.
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--></p>
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<p><a href="./reference.htm">Next: Reference</a><br />
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<a href="prog_with_concepts.htm">Prev: Programming With
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Concepts</a><br /></p>
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<hr />
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<table>
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<tr valign="top">
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<td nowrap="nowrap">Copyright © 2000</td>
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<td><a href="http://www.boost.org/people/jeremy_siek.htm">Jeremy Siek</a>(<a href=
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"mailto:jsiek@osl.iu.edu">jsiek@osl.iu.edu</a>) Andrew
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Lumsdaine(<a href="mailto:lums@osl.iu.edu">lums@osl.iu.edu</a>),
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2007 <a href="mailto:dave@boost-consulting.com">David Abrahams</a>.
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</tr>
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</table>
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</body>
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</html>
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