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<a href="https://github.com/docker-mailserver/docker-mailserver/edit/master/docs/content/config/security/fail2ban.md" title="Edit this page" class="md-content__button md-icon">
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<h1>Fail2Ban</h1>
<div class="admonition quote">
<p class="admonition-title">What is Fail2Ban (F2B)?</p>
<p>Fail2ban is an intrusion prevention software framework. Written in the Python programming language, it is designed to prevent against brute-force attacks. It is able to run on POSIX systems that have an interface to a packet-control system or firewall installed locally, such as [NFTables] or TCP Wrapper.</p>
<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fail2ban">Source</a></p>
</div>
<h2 id="configuration"><a class="toclink" href="#configuration">Configuration</a></h2>
<div class="admonition warning">
<p class="admonition-title">Warning</p>
<p>DMS must be launched with the <code>NET_ADMIN</code> capability in order to be able to install the NFTables rules that actually ban IP addresses. Thus, either include <code>--cap-add=NET_ADMIN</code> in the <code>docker run</code> command, or the equivalent in the <code>compose.yaml</code>:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="nt">cap_add</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p p-Indicator">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">NET_ADMIN</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="admonition bug">
<p class="admonition-title">Running Fail2Ban on Older Kernels</p>
<p>DMS configures F2B to use NFTables, not IPTables (legacy). We have observed that older systems, for example NAS systems, do not support the modern NFTables rules. You will need to configure F2B to use legacy IPTables again, for example with the <a href="https://github.com/docker-mailserver/docker-mailserver/blob/master/config-examples/fail2ban-jail.cf"><code>fail2ban-jail.cf</code></a>, see the <a href="#custom-files">section on configuration further down below</a>.</p>
</div>
<h3 id="dms-defaults"><a class="toclink" href="#dms-defaults">DMS Defaults</a></h3>
<p>DMS will automatically ban IP addresses of hosts that have generated 6 failed attempts over the course of the last week. The bans themselves last for one week. The Postfix jail is configured to use <code>mode = extra</code> in DMS.</p>
<h3 id="custom-files"><a class="toclink" href="#custom-files">Custom Files</a></h3>
<div class="admonition question">
<p class="admonition-title">What is <a href="../../../faq/#what-about-the-docker-datadmsconfig-directory"><code>docker-data/dms/config/</code></a>?</p>
</div>
<p>This following configuration files inside the <code>docker-data/dms/config/</code> volume will be copied inside the container during startup</p>
<ol>
<li><code>fail2ban-jail.cf</code> is copied to <code>/etc/fail2ban/jail.d/user-jail.local</code><ul>
<li>with this file, you can adjust the configuration of individual jails and their defaults</li>
<li>there is an example provided <a href="https://github.com/docker-mailserver/docker-mailserver/blob/master/config-examples/fail2ban-jail.cf">in our repository on GitHub</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><code>fail2ban-fail2ban.cf</code> is copied to <code>/etc/fail2ban/fail2ban.local</code><ul>
<li>with this file, you can adjust F2B behavior in general</li>
<li>there is an example provided <a href="https://github.com/docker-mailserver/docker-mailserver/blob/master/config-examples/fail2ban-fail2ban.cf">in our repository on GitHub</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="viewing-all-bans"><a class="toclink" href="#viewing-all-bans">Viewing All Bans</a></h3>
<p>When just running</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code>setup<span class="w"> </span>fail2ban
</code></pre></div>
<p>the script will show all banned IP addresses.</p>
<h3 id="managing-bans"><a class="toclink" href="#managing-bans">Managing Bans</a></h3>
<p>You can manage F2B with the <code>setup</code> script. The usage looks like this:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code>docker<span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">exec</span><span class="w"> </span>&lt;CONTAINER<span class="w"> </span>NAME&gt;<span class="w"> </span>setup<span class="w"> </span>fail2ban<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">[</span>&lt;ban<span class="p">|</span>unban&gt;<span class="w"> </span>&lt;IP&gt;<span class="o">]</span>
</code></pre></div>
<h3 id="viewing-the-log-file"><a class="toclink" href="#viewing-the-log-file">Viewing the Log File</a></h3>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code>docker<span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">exec</span><span class="w"> </span>&lt;CONTAINER<span class="w"> </span>NAME&gt;<span class="w"> </span>setup<span class="w"> </span>fail2ban<span class="w"> </span>log
</code></pre></div>
<h2 id="running-inside-a-rootless-container"><a class="toclink" href="#running-inside-a-rootless-container">Running Inside A Rootless Container</a></h2>
<p><a href="https://github.com/rootless-containers/rootlesskit"><code>RootlessKit</code></a> is the <em>fakeroot</em> implementation for supporting <em>rootless mode</em> in Docker and Podman. By default, RootlessKit uses the <a href="https://github.com/rootless-containers/rootlesskit/blob/v0.14.5/docs/port.md#port-drivers"><code>builtin</code> port forwarding driver</a>, which does not propagate source IP addresses.</p>
<p>It is necessary for F2B to have access to the real source IP addresses in order to correctly identify clients. This is achieved by changing the port forwarding driver to <a href="https://github.com/rootless-containers/slirp4netns"><code>slirp4netns</code></a>, which is slower than the builtin driver but does preserve the real source IPs.</p>
<div class="tabbed-set tabbed-alternate" data-tabs="1:2"><input checked="checked" id="__tabbed_1_1" name="__tabbed_1" type="radio" /><input id="__tabbed_1_2" name="__tabbed_1" type="radio" /><div class="tabbed-labels"><label for="__tabbed_1_1">Docker</label><label for="__tabbed_1_2">Podman</label></div>
<div class="tabbed-content">
<div class="tabbed-block">
<p>For <a href="https://docs.docker.com/engine/security/rootless">rootless mode</a> in Docker, create <code>~/.config/systemd/user/docker.service.d/override.conf</code> with the following content:</p>
<div class="admonition danger inline end">
<p class="admonition-title">Danger</p>
<p>This changes the port driver for all rootless containers managed by Docker. Per container configuration is not supported, if you need that consider Podman instead.</p>
</div>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="k">[Service]</span>
<span class="na">Environment</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;DOCKERD_ROOTLESS_ROOTLESSKIT_PORT_DRIVER=slirp4netns&quot;</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p>And then restart the daemon:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="gp">$ </span>systemctl<span class="w"> </span>--user<span class="w"> </span>daemon-reload
<span class="gp">$ </span>systemctl<span class="w"> </span>--user<span class="w"> </span>restart<span class="w"> </span>docker
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="tabbed-block">
<p><a href="https://github.com/containers/podman/blob/v3.4.1/docs/source/markdown/podman-run.1.md#--networkmode---net">Rootless Podman</a> requires adding the value <code>slirp4netns:port_handler=slirp4netns</code> to the <code>--network</code> CLI option, or <code>network_mode</code> setting in your <code>compose.yaml</code>:</p>
<div class="admonition example">
<p class="admonition-title">Example</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="nt">services</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">mailserver</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">network_mode</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;slirp4netns:port_handler=slirp4netns&quot;</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">environment</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p p-Indicator">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">ENABLE_FAIL2BAN=1</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p p-Indicator">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">NETWORK_INTERFACE=tap0</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">...</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<p>You must also add the ENV <code>NETWORK_INTERFACE=tap0</code>, because Podman uses a <a href="https://github.com/containers/podman/blob/v3.4.1/libpod/networking_slirp4netns.go#L264">hard-coded interface name</a> for <code>slirp4netns</code>. <code>slirp4netns</code> is not compatible with user-defined networks!</p>
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