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<h1>Kubernetes</h1>
<h2 id="deployment-example"><a class="toclink" href="#deployment-example">Deployment Example</a></h2>
<p>There is nothing much in deploying mailserver to Kubernetes itself. The things are pretty same as in <a href="https://github.com/docker-mailserver/docker-mailserver/blob/master/docker-compose.yml"><code>docker-compose.yml</code></a>, but with Kubernetes syntax.</p>
<details class="example"><summary>ConfigMap</summary><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="nt">apiVersion</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">v1</span>
<span class="nt">kind</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">Namespace</span>
<span class="nt">metadata</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">mailserver</span>
<span class="nn">---</span>
<span class="nt">kind</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">ConfigMap</span>
<span class="nt">apiVersion</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">v1</span>
<span class="nt">metadata</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">mailserver.env.config</span>
<span class="nt">namespace</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">mailserver</span>
<span class="nt">labels</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="nt">app</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">mailserver</span>
<span class="nt">data</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="nt">OVERRIDE_HOSTNAME</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">example.com</span>
<span class="nt">ENABLE_FETCHMAIL</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&quot;0&quot;</span>
<span class="nt">FETCHMAIL_POLL</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&quot;120&quot;</span>
<span class="nt">ENABLE_SPAMASSASSIN</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&quot;0&quot;</span>
<span class="nt">ENABLE_CLAMAV</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&quot;0&quot;</span>
<span class="nt">ENABLE_FAIL2BAN</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&quot;0&quot;</span>
<span class="nt">ENABLE_POSTGREY</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&quot;0&quot;</span>
<span class="nt">ONE_DIR</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&quot;1&quot;</span>
<span class="nt">DMS_DEBUG</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&quot;0&quot;</span>
<span class="nn">---</span>
<span class="nt">kind</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">ConfigMap</span>
<span class="nt">apiVersion</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">v1</span>
<span class="nt">metadata</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">mailserver.config</span>
<span class="nt">namespace</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">mailserver</span>
<span class="nt">labels</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="nt">app</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">mailserver</span>
<span class="nt">data</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="nt">postfix-accounts.cf</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p p-Indicator">|</span>
<span class="no">user1@example.com|{SHA512-CRYPT}$6$2YpW1nYtPBs2yLYS$z.5PGH1OEzsHHNhl3gJrc3D.YMZkvKw/vp.r5WIiwya6z7P/CQ9GDEJDr2G2V0cAfjDFeAQPUoopsuWPXLk3u1</span>
<span class="nt">postfix-virtual.cf</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p p-Indicator">|</span>
<span class="no">alias1@example.com user1@dexample.com</span>
<span class="c1">#dovecot.cf: |</span>
<span class="c1"># service stats {</span>
<span class="c1"># unix_listener stats-reader {</span>
<span class="c1"># group = docker</span>
<span class="c1"># mode = 0666</span>
<span class="c1"># }</span>
<span class="c1"># unix_listener stats-writer {</span>
<span class="c1"># group = docker</span>
<span class="c1"># mode = 0666</span>
<span class="c1"># }</span>
<span class="c1"># }</span>
<span class="nt">SigningTable</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p p-Indicator">|</span>
<span class="no">*@example.com mail._domainkey.example.com</span>
<span class="nt">KeyTable</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p p-Indicator">|</span>
<span class="no">mail._domainkey.example.com example.com:mail:/etc/opendkim/keys/example.com-mail.key</span>
<span class="nt">TrustedHosts</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p p-Indicator">|</span>
<span class="no">127.0.0.1</span>
<span class="no">localhost</span>
<span class="c1">#user-patches.sh: |</span>
<span class="c1"># #!/bin/bash</span>
<span class="c1">#fetchmail.cf: |</span>
</code></pre></div>
</details>
<details class="example"><summary>Secret</summary><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="nt">apiVersion</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">v1</span>
<span class="nt">kind</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">Namespace</span>
<span class="nt">metadata</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">mailserver</span>
<span class="nn">---</span>
<span class="nt">kind</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">Secret</span>
<span class="nt">apiVersion</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">v1</span>
<span class="nt">metadata</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">mailserver.opendkim.keys</span>
<span class="nt">namespace</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">mailserver</span>
<span class="nt">labels</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="nt">app</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">mailserver</span>
<span class="nt">type</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">Opaque</span>
<span class="nt">data</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="nt">example.com-mail.key</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&#39;base64-encoded-DKIM-key&#39;</span>
</code></pre></div>
</details>
<details class="example"><summary>Service</summary><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="nt">apiVersion</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">v1</span>
<span class="nt">kind</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">Namespace</span>
<span class="nt">metadata</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">mailserver</span>
<span class="nn">---</span>
<span class="nt">kind</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">Service</span>
<span class="nt">apiVersion</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">v1</span>
<span class="nt">metadata</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">mailserver</span>
<span class="nt">namespace</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">mailserver</span>
<span class="nt">labels</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="nt">app</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">mailserver</span>
<span class="nt">spec</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="nt">selector</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="nt">app</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">mailserver</span>
<span class="nt">ports</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="p p-Indicator">-</span> <span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">smtp</span>
<span class="nt">port</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">25</span>
<span class="nt">targetPort</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">smtp</span>
<span class="p p-Indicator">-</span> <span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">smtp-secure</span>
<span class="nt">port</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">465</span>
<span class="nt">targetPort</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">smtp-secure</span>
<span class="p p-Indicator">-</span> <span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">smtp-auth</span>
<span class="nt">port</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">587</span>
<span class="nt">targetPort</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">smtp-auth</span>
<span class="p p-Indicator">-</span> <span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">imap</span>
<span class="nt">port</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">143</span>
<span class="nt">targetPort</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">imap</span>
<span class="p p-Indicator">-</span> <span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">imap-secure</span>
<span class="nt">port</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">993</span>
<span class="nt">targetPort</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">imap-secure</span>
</code></pre></div>
</details>
<details class="example"><summary>Deployment</summary><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="nt">apiVersion</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">v1</span>
<span class="nt">kind</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">Namespace</span>
<span class="nt">metadata</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">mailserver</span>
<span class="nn">---</span>
<span class="nt">apiVersion</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">apps/v1</span>
<span class="nt">kind</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">Deployment</span>
<span class="nt">metadata</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">mailserver</span>
<span class="nt">namespace</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">mailserver</span>
<span class="nt">spec</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="nt">replicas</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">1</span>
<span class="nt">selector</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="nt">matchLabels</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="nt">app</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">mailserver</span>
<span class="nt">template</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="nt">metadata</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="nt">labels</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="nt">app</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">mailserver</span>
<span class="nt">role</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">mail</span>
<span class="nt">tier</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">backend</span>
<span class="nt">spec</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="c1">#nodeSelector:</span>
<span class="c1"># kubernetes.io/hostname: local.k8s</span>
<span class="c1">#initContainers:</span>
<span class="c1">#- name: init-myservice</span>
<span class="c1"># image: busybox</span>
<span class="c1"># command: [&quot;/bin/sh&quot;, &quot;-c&quot;, &quot;cp /tmp/user-patches.sh /tmp/files&quot;]</span>
<span class="c1"># volumeMounts:</span>
<span class="c1"># - name: config</span>
<span class="c1"># subPath: user-patches.sh</span>
<span class="c1"># mountPath: /tmp/user-patches.sh</span>
<span class="c1"># readOnly: true</span>
<span class="c1"># - name: tmp-files</span>
<span class="c1"># mountPath: /tmp/files</span>
<span class="nt">containers</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="p p-Indicator">-</span> <span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">docker-mailserver</span>
<span class="nt">image</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">mailserver/docker-mailserver:latest</span>
<span class="nt">imagePullPolicy</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">Always</span>
<span class="nt">volumeMounts</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="p p-Indicator">-</span> <span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">config</span>
<span class="nt">subPath</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">postfix-accounts.cf</span>
<span class="nt">mountPath</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">/tmp/docker-mailserver/postfix-accounts.cf</span>
<span class="nt">readOnly</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">true</span>
<span class="c1">#- name: config</span>
<span class="c1"># subPath: postfix-main.cf</span>
<span class="c1"># mountPath: /tmp/docker-mailserver/postfix-main.cf</span>
<span class="c1"># readOnly: true</span>
<span class="p p-Indicator">-</span> <span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">config</span>
<span class="nt">subPath</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">postfix-virtual.cf</span>
<span class="nt">mountPath</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">/tmp/docker-mailserver/postfix-virtual.cf</span>
<span class="nt">readOnly</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">true</span>
<span class="p p-Indicator">-</span> <span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">config</span>
<span class="nt">subPath</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">fetchmail.cf</span>
<span class="nt">mountPath</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">/tmp/docker-mailserver/fetchmail.cf</span>
<span class="nt">readOnly</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">true</span>
<span class="p p-Indicator">-</span> <span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">config</span>
<span class="nt">subPath</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">dovecot.cf</span>
<span class="nt">mountPath</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">/tmp/docker-mailserver/dovecot.cf</span>
<span class="nt">readOnly</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">true</span>
<span class="c1">#- name: config</span>
<span class="c1"># subPath: user1.example.com.dovecot.sieve</span>
<span class="c1"># mountPath: /tmp/docker-mailserver/user1@example.com.dovecot.sieve</span>
<span class="c1"># readOnly: true</span>
<span class="c1">#- name: tmp-files</span>
<span class="c1"># subPath: user-patches.sh</span>
<span class="c1"># mountPath: /tmp/docker-mailserver/user-patches.sh</span>
<span class="p p-Indicator">-</span> <span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">config</span>
<span class="nt">subPath</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">SigningTable</span>
<span class="nt">mountPath</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">/tmp/docker-mailserver/opendkim/SigningTable</span>
<span class="nt">readOnly</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">true</span>
<span class="p p-Indicator">-</span> <span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">config</span>
<span class="nt">subPath</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">KeyTable</span>
<span class="nt">mountPath</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">/tmp/docker-mailserver/opendkim/KeyTable</span>
<span class="nt">readOnly</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">true</span>
<span class="p p-Indicator">-</span> <span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">config</span>
<span class="nt">subPath</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">TrustedHosts</span>
<span class="nt">mountPath</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">/tmp/docker-mailserver/opendkim/TrustedHosts</span>
<span class="nt">readOnly</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">true</span>
<span class="p p-Indicator">-</span> <span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">opendkim-keys</span>
<span class="nt">mountPath</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">/tmp/docker-mailserver/opendkim/keys</span>
<span class="nt">readOnly</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">true</span>
<span class="p p-Indicator">-</span> <span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">data</span>
<span class="nt">mountPath</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">/var/mail</span>
<span class="nt">subPath</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">data</span>
<span class="p p-Indicator">-</span> <span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">data</span>
<span class="nt">mountPath</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">/var/mail-state</span>
<span class="nt">subPath</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">state</span>
<span class="p p-Indicator">-</span> <span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">data</span>
<span class="nt">mountPath</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">/var/log/mail</span>
<span class="nt">subPath</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">log</span>
<span class="nt">ports</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="p p-Indicator">-</span> <span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">smtp</span>
<span class="nt">containerPort</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">25</span>
<span class="nt">protocol</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">TCP</span>
<span class="p p-Indicator">-</span> <span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">smtp-secure</span>
<span class="nt">containerPort</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">465</span>
<span class="nt">protocol</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">TCP</span>
<span class="p p-Indicator">-</span> <span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">smtp-auth</span>
<span class="nt">containerPort</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">587</span>
<span class="p p-Indicator">-</span> <span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">imap</span>
<span class="nt">containerPort</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">143</span>
<span class="nt">protocol</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">TCP</span>
<span class="p p-Indicator">-</span> <span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">imap-secure</span>
<span class="nt">containerPort</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">993</span>
<span class="nt">protocol</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">TCP</span>
<span class="nt">envFrom</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="p p-Indicator">-</span> <span class="nt">configMapRef</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">mailserver.env.config</span>
<span class="nt">volumes</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="p p-Indicator">-</span> <span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">config</span>
<span class="nt">configMap</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">mailserver.config</span>
<span class="p p-Indicator">-</span> <span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">opendkim-keys</span>
<span class="nt">secret</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="nt">secretName</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">mailserver.opendkim.keys</span>
<span class="p p-Indicator">-</span> <span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">data</span>
<span class="nt">persistentVolumeClaim</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="nt">claimName</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">mail-storage</span>
<span class="p p-Indicator">-</span> <span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">tmp-files</span>
<span class="nt">emptyDir</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p p-Indicator">{}</span>
</code></pre></div>
</details>
<div class="admonition warning">
<p class="admonition-title">Warning</p>
<p>Any sensitive data (keys, etc) should be deployed via <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/configuration/secret">Secrets</a>. Other configuration just fits well into <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/configure-pod-container/configmap">ConfigMaps</a>.</p>
</div>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
<p>Make sure that <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/workloads/pods/pod">Pod</a> is <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/configuration/assign-pod-node">assigned</a> to specific <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/architecture/nodes">Node</a> in case you're using volume for data directly with <code>hostPath</code>. Otherwise Pod can be rescheduled on a different Node and previous data won't be found. Except the case when you're using some shared filesystem on your Nodes.</p>
</div>
<h2 id="exposing-to-the-outside-world"><a class="toclink" href="#exposing-to-the-outside-world">Exposing to the Outside World</a></h2>
<p>The hard part with Kubernetes is to expose deployed mailserver to outside world. Kubernetes provides multiple ways for doing that. Each has its downsides and complexity.</p>
<p>The major problem with exposing mailserver to outside world in Kubernetes is to <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/tutorials/services/source-ip">preserve real client IP</a>. Real client IP is required by mailserver for performing IP-based SPF checks and spam checks.</p>
<p>Preserving real client IP is relatively <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/tutorials/services/source-ip">non-trivial in Kubernetes</a> and most exposing ways do not provide it. So, it's up to you to decide which exposing way suits better your needs in a price of complexity.</p>
<p>If you do not require SPF checks for incoming mails you may disable them in <a href="../override-defaults/postfix/">Postfix configuration</a> by dropping following line (which removes <code>check_policy_service unix:private/policyd-spf</code> option):</p>
<div class="admonition example">
<p class="admonition-title">Example</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="nt">kind</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">ConfigMap</span>
<span class="nt">apiVersion</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">v1</span>
<span class="nt">metadata</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">mailserver.config</span>
<span class="nt">labels</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="nt">app</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">mailserver</span>
<span class="nt">data</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="nt">postfix-main.cf</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p p-Indicator">|</span>
<span class="no">smtpd_recipient_restrictions = permit_sasl_authenticated, permit_mynetworks, reject_unauth_destination, reject_unauth_pipelining, reject_invalid_helo_hostname, reject_non_fqdn_helo_hostname, reject_unknown_recipient_domain, reject_rbl_client zen.spamhaus.org, reject_rbl_client bl.spamcop.net</span>
<span class="c1"># ...</span>
<span class="nn">---</span>
<span class="nt">kind</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">Deployment</span>
<span class="nt">apiVersion</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">extensions/v1beta1</span>
<span class="nt">metadata</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">mailserver</span>
<span class="c1"># ...</span>
<span class="nt">volumeMounts</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="p p-Indicator">-</span> <span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">config</span>
<span class="nt">subPath</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">postfix-main.cf</span>
<span class="nt">mountPath</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">/tmp/docker-mailserver/postfix-main.cf</span>
<span class="nt">readOnly</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">true</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<h3 id="external-ips-service"><a class="toclink" href="#external-ips-service">External IPs Service</a></h3>
<p>The simplest way is to expose mailserver as a <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/services-networking/service">Service</a> with <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/services-networking/service/#external-ips">external IPs</a>.</p>
<div class="admonition example">
<p class="admonition-title">Example</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="nt">kind</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">Service</span>
<span class="nt">apiVersion</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">v1</span>
<span class="nt">metadata</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">mailserver</span>
<span class="nt">labels</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="nt">app</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">mailserver</span>
<span class="nt">spec</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="nt">selector</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="nt">app</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">mailserver</span>
<span class="nt">ports</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="p p-Indicator">-</span> <span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">smtp</span>
<span class="nt">port</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">25</span>
<span class="nt">targetPort</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">smtp</span>
<span class="c1"># ...</span>
<span class="nt">externalIPs</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="p p-Indicator">-</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">80.11.12.10</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<p><strong>Downsides</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><strong>Real client IP is not preserved</strong>, so SPF check of incoming mail will fail.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Requirement to specify exposed IPs explicitly.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="proxy-port-to-service"><a class="toclink" href="#proxy-port-to-service">Proxy port to Service</a></h3>
<p>The <a href="https://github.com/kubernetes/contrib/tree/master/for-demos/proxy-to-service">Proxy Pod</a> helps to avoid necessity of specifying external IPs explicitly. This comes in price of complexity: you must deploy Proxy Pod on each <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/architecture/nodes">Node</a> you want to expose mailserver on.</p>
<p><strong>Downsides</strong></p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Real client IP is not preserved</strong>, so SPF check of incoming mail will fail.</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="bind-to-concrete-node-and-use-host-network"><a class="toclink" href="#bind-to-concrete-node-and-use-host-network">Bind to concrete Node and use host network</a></h3>
<p>The simplest way to preserve real client IP is to use <code>hostPort</code> and <code>hostNetwork: true</code> in the mailserver <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/workloads/pods/pod">Pod</a>. This comes in price of availability: you can talk to mailserver from outside world only via IPs of <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/architecture/nodes">Node</a> where mailserver is deployed.</p>
<div class="admonition example">
<p class="admonition-title">Example</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="nt">kind</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">Deployment</span>
<span class="nt">apiVersion</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">extensions/v1beta1</span>
<span class="nt">metadata</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">mailserver</span>
<span class="c1"># ...</span>
<span class="nt">spec</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="nt">hostNetwork</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">true</span>
<span class="c1"># ...</span>
<span class="nt">containers</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="c1"># ...</span>
<span class="nt">ports</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="p p-Indicator">-</span> <span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">smtp</span>
<span class="nt">containerPort</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">25</span>
<span class="nt">hostPort</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">25</span>
<span class="p p-Indicator">-</span> <span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">smtp-auth</span>
<span class="nt">containerPort</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">587</span>
<span class="nt">hostPort</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">587</span>
<span class="p p-Indicator">-</span> <span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">imap-secure</span>
<span class="nt">containerPort</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">993</span>
<span class="nt">hostPort</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">993</span>
<span class="c1"># ...</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<p><strong>Downsides</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Not possible to access mailserver via other cluster Nodes, only via the one mailserver deployed at.</li>
<li>Every Port within the Container is exposed on the Host side, regardless of what the <code>ports</code> section in the Configuration defines. </li>
</ul>
<h3 id="proxy-port-to-service-via-proxy-protocol"><a class="toclink" href="#proxy-port-to-service-via-proxy-protocol">Proxy Port to Service via PROXY Protocol</a></h3>
<p>This way is ideologically the same as <a href="#proxy-port-to-service">using Proxy Pod</a>, but instead of a separate proxy pod, you configure your ingress to proxy TCP traffic to the mailserver pod using the PROXY protocol, which preserves the real client IP.</p>
<h4 id="configure-your-ingress"><a class="toclink" href="#configure-your-ingress">Configure your Ingress</a></h4>
<p>With an <a href="https://kubernetes.github.io/ingress-nginx">NGINX ingress controller</a>, set <code>externalTrafficPolicy: Local</code> for its service, and add the following to the TCP services config map (as described <a href="https://kubernetes.github.io/ingress-nginx/user-guide/exposing-tcp-udp-services">here</a>):</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="nt">25</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&quot;mailserver/mailserver:25::PROXY&quot;</span>
<span class="nt">465</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&quot;mailserver/mailserver:465::PROXY&quot;</span>
<span class="nt">587</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&quot;mailserver/mailserver:587::PROXY&quot;</span>
<span class="nt">993</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&quot;mailserver/mailserver:993::PROXY&quot;</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p>With <a href="https://hub.docker.com/_/haproxy">HAProxy</a>, the configuration should look similar to the above. If you know what it actually looks like, add an example here. <img alt="😃" class="twemoji" src="https://twemoji.maxcdn.com/v/latest/svg/1f603.svg" title=":smiley:" /></p>
<h4 id="configure-the-mailserver"><a class="toclink" href="#configure-the-mailserver">Configure the Mailserver</a></h4>
<p>Then, configure both <a href="../override-defaults/postfix/">Postfix</a> and <a href="../override-defaults/dovecot/">Dovecot</a> to expect the PROXY protocol:</p>
<div class="admonition example">
<p class="admonition-title">Example</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="nt">kind</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">ConfigMap</span>
<span class="nt">apiVersion</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">v1</span>
<span class="nt">metadata</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">mailserver.config</span>
<span class="nt">labels</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="nt">app</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">mailserver</span>
<span class="nt">data</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="nt">postfix-main.cf</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p p-Indicator">|</span>
<span class="no">postscreen_upstream_proxy_protocol = haproxy</span>
<span class="nt">postfix-master.cf</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p p-Indicator">|</span>
<span class="no">smtp/inet/postscreen_upstream_proxy_protocol=haproxy</span>
<span class="no">submission/inet/smtpd_upstream_proxy_protocol=haproxy</span>
<span class="no">smtps/inet/smtpd_upstream_proxy_protocol=haproxy</span>
<span class="nt">dovecot.cf</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p p-Indicator">|</span>
<span class="no"># Assuming your ingress controller is bound to 10.0.0.0/8</span>
<span class="no">haproxy_trusted_networks = 10.0.0.0/8, 127.0.0.0/8</span>
<span class="no">service imap-login {</span>
<span class="no">inet_listener imap {</span>
<span class="no">haproxy = yes</span>
<span class="no">}</span>
<span class="no">inet_listener imaps {</span>
<span class="no">haproxy = yes</span>
<span class="no">}</span>
<span class="no">}</span>
<span class="c1"># ...</span>
<span class="nn">---</span>
<span class="nt">kind</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">Deployment</span>
<span class="nt">apiVersion</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">extensions/v1beta1</span>
<span class="nt">metadata</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">mailserver</span>
<span class="nt">spec</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="nt">template</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="nt">spec</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="nt">containers</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="p p-Indicator">-</span> <span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">docker-mailserver</span>
<span class="nt">volumeMounts</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="p p-Indicator">-</span> <span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">config</span>
<span class="nt">subPath</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">postfix-main.cf</span>
<span class="nt">mountPath</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">/tmp/docker-mailserver/postfix-main.cf</span>
<span class="nt">readOnly</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">true</span>
<span class="p p-Indicator">-</span> <span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">config</span>
<span class="nt">subPath</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">postfix-master.cf</span>
<span class="nt">mountPath</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">/tmp/docker-mailserver/postfix-master.cf</span>
<span class="nt">readOnly</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">true</span>
<span class="p p-Indicator">-</span> <span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">config</span>
<span class="nt">subPath</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">dovecot.cf</span>
<span class="nt">mountPath</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">/tmp/docker-mailserver/dovecot.cf</span>
<span class="nt">readOnly</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">true</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<p><strong>Downsides</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Not possible to access mailserver via inner cluster Kubernetes DNS, as PROXY protocol is required for incoming connections.</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="lets-encrypt-certificates"><a class="toclink" href="#lets-encrypt-certificates">Let's Encrypt Certificates</a></h2>
<p><a href="https://github.com/jetstack/kube-lego">Kube-Lego</a> may be used for a role of Let's Encrypt client. It works with Kubernetes <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/services-networking/ingress">Ingress Resources</a> and automatically issues/manages certificates/keys for exposed services via Ingresses.</p>
<div class="admonition example">
<p class="admonition-title">Example</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="nt">kind</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">Ingress</span>
<span class="nt">apiVersion</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">extensions/v1beta1</span>
<span class="nt">metadata</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">mailserver</span>
<span class="nt">labels</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="nt">app</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">mailserver</span>
<span class="nt">annotations</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="nt">kubernetes.io/tls-acme</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&#39;true&#39;</span>
<span class="nt">spec</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="nt">rules</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="p p-Indicator">-</span> <span class="nt">host</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">example.com</span>
<span class="nt">http</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="nt">paths</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="p p-Indicator">-</span> <span class="nt">path</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">/</span>
<span class="nt">backend</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="nt">serviceName</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">default-backend</span>
<span class="nt">servicePort</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">80</span>
<span class="nt">tls</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="p p-Indicator">-</span> <span class="nt">secretName</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">mailserver.tls</span>
<span class="nt">hosts</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="p p-Indicator">-</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">example.com</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<p>Now, you can use Let's Encrypt cert and key from <code>mailserver.tls</code> <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/configuration/secret">Secret</a> in your <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/workloads/pods/pod">Pod</a> spec:</p>
<div class="admonition example">
<p class="admonition-title">Example</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="c1"># ...</span>
<span class="nt">env</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="p p-Indicator">-</span> <span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">SSL_TYPE</span>
<span class="nt">value</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&#39;manual&#39;</span>
<span class="p p-Indicator">-</span> <span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">SSL_CERT_PATH</span>
<span class="nt">value</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&#39;/etc/ssl/mailserver/tls.crt&#39;</span>
<span class="p p-Indicator">-</span> <span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">SSL_KEY_PATH</span>
<span class="nt">value</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s">&#39;/etc/ssl/mailserver/tls.key&#39;</span>
<span class="c1"># ...</span>
<span class="nt">volumeMounts</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="p p-Indicator">-</span> <span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">tls</span>
<span class="nt">mountPath</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">/etc/ssl/mailserver</span>
<span class="nt">readOnly</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">true</span>
<span class="c1"># ...</span>
<span class="nt">volumes</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="p p-Indicator">-</span> <span class="nt">name</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">tls</span>
<span class="nt">secret</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="nt">secretName</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">mailserver.tls</span>
</code></pre></div>
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