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<h1>Podman</h1>
<h2 id="introduction"><a class="toclink" href="#introduction">Introduction</a></h2>
<p>Podman is a daemonless container engine for developing, managing, and running OCI Containers on your Linux System.</p>
<div class="admonition warning">
<p class="admonition-title">About Support for Podman</p>
<p>Please note that Podman <strong>is not</strong> officially supported as DMS is built and verified on top of the <em>Docker Engine</em>. This content is entirely community supported. If you find errors, please open an issue and provide a PR.</p>
</div>
<div class="admonition warning">
<p class="admonition-title">About this Guide</p>
<p>This guide was tested with Fedora 34 using <code>systemd</code> and <code>firewalld</code>. Moreover, it requires Podman version &gt;= 3.2. You may be able to substitute <code>dnf</code> - Fedora's package manager - with others such as <code>apt</code>.</p>
</div>
<div class="admonition warning">
<p class="admonition-title">About Security</p>
<p>Running podman in rootless mode requires additional modifications in order to keep your mailserver secure.
Make sure to read the related documentation.</p>
</div>
<h2 id="installation-in-rootfull-mode"><a class="toclink" href="#installation-in-rootfull-mode">Installation in Rootfull Mode</a></h2>
<p>While using Podman, you can just manage docker-mailserver as what you did with Docker. Your best friend <code>setup.sh</code> includes the minimum code in order to support Podman since it's 100% compatible with the Docker CLI.</p>
<p>The installation is basically the same. Podman v3.2 introduced a RESTful API that is 100% compatible with the Docker API, so you can use docker-compose with Podman easily. Install Podman and docker-compose with your package manager first.</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code>sudo<span class="w"> </span>dnf<span class="w"> </span>install<span class="w"> </span>podman<span class="w"> </span>docker-compose
</code></pre></div>
<p>Then enable <code>podman.socket</code> using <code>systemctl</code>.</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code>systemctl<span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">enable</span><span class="w"> </span>--now<span class="w"> </span>podman.socket
</code></pre></div>
<p>This will create a unix socket locate under <code>/run/podman/podman.sock</code>, which is the entrypoint of Podman's API. Now, configure docker-mailserver and start it.</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="nb">export</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">DOCKER_HOST</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;unix:///run/podman/podman.sock&quot;</span>
docker-compose<span class="w"> </span>up<span class="w"> </span>-d<span class="w"> </span>mailserver
docker-compose<span class="w"> </span>ps
</code></pre></div>
<p>You should see that docker-mailserver is running now.</p>
<h3 id="self-start-in-rootfull-mode"><a class="toclink" href="#self-start-in-rootfull-mode">Self-start in Rootfull Mode</a></h3>
<p>Podman is daemonless, that means if you want docker-mailserver self-start while boot up the system, you have to generate a systemd file with Podman CLI.</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code>podman<span class="w"> </span>generate<span class="w"> </span>systemd<span class="w"> </span>mailserver<span class="w"> </span>&gt;<span class="w"> </span>/etc/systemd/system/mailserver.service
systemctl<span class="w"> </span>daemon-reload
systemctl<span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">enable</span><span class="w"> </span>--now<span class="w"> </span>mailserver.service
</code></pre></div>
<h2 id="installation-in-rootless-mode"><a class="toclink" href="#installation-in-rootless-mode">Installation in Rootless Mode</a></h2>
<p>Running rootless containers is one of Podman's major features. But due to some restrictions, deploying docker-mailserver in rootless mode is not as easy compared to rootfull mode.</p>
<ul>
<li>a rootless container is running in a user namespace so you cannot bind ports lower than 1024</li>
<li>a rootless container's systemd file can only be placed in folder under <code>~/.config</code></li>
<li>a rootless container can result in an open relay, make sure to read the <a href="#security-in-rootless-mode">security section</a>.</li>
</ul>
<p>Also notice that Podman's rootless mode is not about running as a non-root user inside the container, but about the mapping of (normal, non-root) host users to root inside the container.</p>
<div class="admonition warning">
<p class="admonition-title">Warning</p>
<p>In order to make rootless DMS work we must modify some settings in the Linux system, it requires some basic linux server knowledge so don't follow this guide if you not sure what this guide is talking about. Podman rootfull mode and Docker are still good and security enough for normal daily usage.</p>
</div>
<p>First, enable <code>podman.socket</code> in systemd's userspace with a non-root user.</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code>systemctl<span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">enable</span><span class="w"> </span>--now<span class="w"> </span>--user<span class="w"> </span>podman.socket
</code></pre></div>
<p>The socket file should be located at <code>/var/run/user/$(id -u)/podman/podman.sock</code>. Then, modify <code>docker-compose.yml</code> to make sure all ports are bindings are on non-privileged ports.</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="nt">services</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">mailserver</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">ports</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p p-Indicator">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;10025:25&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># SMTP (explicit TLS =&gt; STARTTLS)</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p p-Indicator">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;10143:143&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># IMAP4 (explicit TLS =&gt; STARTTLS)</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p p-Indicator">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;10465:465&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># ESMTP (implicit TLS)</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p p-Indicator">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;10587:587&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># ESMTP (explicit TLS =&gt; STARTTLS)</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p p-Indicator">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;10993:993&quot;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1"># IMAP4 (implicit TLS)</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p>Then, setup your <code>mailserver.env</code> file follow the documentation and use docker-compose to start the container.</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="nb">export</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">DOCKER_HOST</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;unix:///var/run/user/</span><span class="k">$(</span>id<span class="w"> </span>-u<span class="k">)</span><span class="s2">/podman/podman.sock&quot;</span>
docker-compose<span class="w"> </span>up<span class="w"> </span>-d<span class="w"> </span>mailserver
docker-compose<span class="w"> </span>ps
</code></pre></div>
<h3 id="security-in-rootless-mode"><a class="toclink" href="#security-in-rootless-mode">Security in Rootless Mode</a></h3>
<p>In rootless mode, podman resolves all incoming IPs as localhost, which results in an open gateway in the default configuration. There are two workarounds to fix this problem, both of which have their own drawbacks.</p>
<h4 id="enforce-authentication-from-localhost"><a class="toclink" href="#enforce-authentication-from-localhost">Enforce authentication from localhost</a></h4>
<p>The <code>PERMIT_DOCKER</code> variable in the <code>mailserver.env</code> file allows to specify trusted networks that do not need to authenticate. If the variable is left empty, only requests from localhost and the container IP are allowed, but in the case of rootless podman any IP will be resolved as localhost. Setting <code>PERMIT_DOCKER=none</code> enforces authentication also from localhost, which prevents sending unauthenticated emails.</p>
<h4 id="use-the-slip4netns-network-driver"><a class="toclink" href="#use-the-slip4netns-network-driver">Use the slip4netns network driver</a></h4>
<p>The second workaround is slightly more complicated because the <code>docker-compose.yml</code> has to be modified.
As shown in the <a href="../../security/fail2ban/#podman-with-slirp4netns-port-driver">fail2ban section</a> the <code>slirp4netns</code> network driver has to be enabled.
This network driver enables podman to correctly resolve IP addresses but it is not compatible with
user defined networks which might be a problem depending on your setup.</p>
<p><a href="https://github.com/containers/podman/blob/v3.4.1/docs/source/markdown/podman-run.1.md#--networkmode---net">Rootless Podman</a> requires adding the value <code>slirp4netns:port_handler=slirp4netns</code> to the <code>--network</code> CLI option, or <code>network_mode</code> setting in your <code>docker-compose.yml</code>.</p>
<p>You must also add the ENV <code>NETWORK_INTERFACE=tap0</code>, because Podman uses a <a href="https://github.com/containers/podman/blob/v3.4.1/libpod/networking_slirp4netns.go#L264">hard-coded interface name</a> for <code>slirp4netns</code>.</p>
<div class="admonition example">
<p class="admonition-title">Example</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="nt">services</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">mailserver</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">network_mode</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">&quot;slirp4netns:port_handler=slirp4netns&quot;</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="nt">environment</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p p-Indicator">-</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">NETWORK_INTERFACE=tap0</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="l l-Scalar l-Scalar-Plain">...</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
<p><code>podman-compose</code> is not compatible with this configuration.</p>
</div>
<h3 id="self-start-in-rootless-mode"><a class="toclink" href="#self-start-in-rootless-mode">Self-start in Rootless Mode</a></h3>
<p>Generate a systemd file with the Podman CLI.</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code>podman<span class="w"> </span>generate<span class="w"> </span>systemd<span class="w"> </span>mailserver<span class="w"> </span>&gt;<span class="w"> </span>~/.config/systemd/user/mailserver.service
systemctl<span class="w"> </span>--user<span class="w"> </span>daemon-reload
systemctl<span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">enable</span><span class="w"> </span>--user<span class="w"> </span>--now<span class="w"> </span>mailserver.service
</code></pre></div>
<p>Systemd's user space service is only started when a specific user logs in and stops when you log out. In order to make it to start with the system, we need to enable linger with <code>loginctl</code></p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code>loginctl<span class="w"> </span>enable-linger<span class="w"> </span>&lt;username&gt;
</code></pre></div>
<p>Remember to run this command as root user.</p>
<h3 id="port-forwarding"><a class="toclink" href="#port-forwarding">Port Forwarding</a></h3>
<p>When it comes to forwarding ports using <code>firewalld</code>, see <a href="https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/8/html/securing_networks/using-and-configuring-firewalld_securing-networks#port-forwarding_using-and-configuring-firewalld">https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/8/html/securing_networks/using-and-configuring-firewalld_securing-networks#port-forwarding_using-and-configuring-firewalld</a> for more information.</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code>firewall-cmd<span class="w"> </span>--permanent<span class="w"> </span>--add-forward-port<span class="o">=</span><span class="nv">port</span><span class="o">=</span>&lt;<span class="m">25</span><span class="p">|</span><span class="m">143</span><span class="p">|</span><span class="m">465</span><span class="p">|</span><span class="m">587</span><span class="p">|</span><span class="m">993</span>&gt;:proto<span class="o">=</span>&lt;tcp&gt;:toport<span class="o">=</span>&lt;<span class="m">10025</span><span class="p">|</span><span class="m">10143</span><span class="p">|</span><span class="m">10465</span><span class="p">|</span><span class="m">10587</span><span class="p">|</span><span class="m">10993</span>&gt;
...
<span class="c1"># After you set all ports up.</span>
firewall-cmd<span class="w"> </span>--reload
</code></pre></div>
<p>Notice that this will only open the access to the external client. If you want to access privileges port in your server, do this:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code>firewall-cmd<span class="w"> </span>--permanent<span class="w"> </span>--direct<span class="w"> </span>--add-rule<span class="w"> </span>&lt;ipv4<span class="p">|</span>ipv6&gt;<span class="w"> </span>nat<span class="w"> </span>OUTPUT<span class="w"> </span><span class="m">0</span><span class="w"> </span>-p<span class="w"> </span>&lt;tcp<span class="p">|</span>udp&gt;<span class="w"> </span>-o<span class="w"> </span>lo<span class="w"> </span>--dport<span class="w"> </span>&lt;<span class="m">25</span><span class="p">|</span><span class="m">143</span><span class="p">|</span><span class="m">465</span><span class="p">|</span><span class="m">587</span><span class="p">|</span><span class="m">993</span>&gt;<span class="w"> </span>-j<span class="w"> </span>REDIRECT<span class="w"> </span>--to-ports<span class="w"> </span>&lt;<span class="m">10025</span><span class="p">|</span><span class="m">10143</span><span class="p">|</span><span class="m">10465</span><span class="p">|</span><span class="m">10587</span><span class="p">|</span><span class="m">10993</span>&gt;
...
<span class="c1"># After you set all ports up.</span>
firewall-cmd<span class="w"> </span>--reload
</code></pre></div>
<p>Just map all the privilege port with non-privilege port you set in docker-compose.yml before as root user.</p>
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