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SSL/TLS

There are multiple options to enable SSL (via SSL_TYPE):

After installation, you can test your setup with:

Exposure of DNS labels through Certificate Transparency

All public Certificate Authorities (CAs) are required to log certificates they issue publicly via Certificate Transparency. This helps to better establish trust.

When using a public CA for certificates used in private networks, be aware that the associated DNS labels in the certificate are logged publicly and easily searchable. These logs are append only, you cannot redact this information.

You could use a wildcard certificate. This avoids accidentally leaking information to the internet, but keep in mind the potential security risks of wildcard certs.

The FQDN

An FQDN (Fully Qualified Domain Name) such as mail.example.com is required for docker-mailserver to function correctly, especially for looking up the correct SSL certificate to use.

Internally, hostname -f will be used to retrieve the FQDN as configured in the below examples.

Wildcard certificates (eg: *.example.com) are supported for SSL_TYPE=letsencrypt. Your configured FQDN below may be mail.example.com, and your wildcard certificate provisioned to /etc/letsencrypt/live/example.com which will be checked as a fallback FQDN by docker-mailserver.

Docker CLI options --hostname and optionally --domainname

docker run --hostname mail --domainname example.com
# `--domainname` is not required:
docker run --hostname mail.example.com

docker-compose.yml config

services:
  mailserver:
    hostname: mail
    domainname: example.com
# `domainname` is not required:
services:
  mailserver:
    hostname: mail.example.com

Bare domains (eg: example.com) should only use the hostname option

docker run --hostname example.com

services:
  mailserver:
    hostname: example.com

Provisioning methods

To enable Let's Encrypt for docker-mailserver, you have to:

  1. Get your certificate using the Let's Encrypt client Certbot.

  2. For your docker-mailserver container:

You don't have to do anything else. Enjoy!

Note

/etc/letsencrypt/live stores provisioned certificates in individual folders named by their FQDN.

Make sure that the entire folder is mounted to docker-mailserver as there are typically symlinks from /etc/letsencrypt/live/mail.example.com to /etc/letsencrypt/archive.

Example

Add these additions to the mailserver service in your docker-compose.yml:

services:
  mailserver:
    # For the FQDN 'mail.example.com':
    hostname: mail
    domainname: example.com
    environment:
      - SSL_TYPE=letsencrypt
    volumes:
      - /etc/letsencrypt:/etc/letsencrypt

Example using Docker for Let's Encrypt

Certbot provisions certificates to /etc/letsencrypt. Add a volume to store these, so that they can later be accessed by docker-mailserver container. You may also want to persist Certbot logs, just in case you need to troubleshoot.

  1. Getting a certificate is this simple! (Referencing: Certbot docker instructions and certonly --standalone mode):

    # Change `mail.example.com` below to your own FQDN.
# Requires access to port 80 from the internet, adjust your firewall if needed.
docker run --rm -it \
  -v "${PWD}/docker-data/certbot/certs/:/etc/letsencrypt/" \
  -v "${PWD}/docker-data/certbot/logs/:/var/log/letsencrypt/" \
  -p 80:80 \
  certbot/certbot certonly --standalone -d mail.example.com

  2. Add a volume for docker-mailserver that maps the local certbot/certs/ folder to the container path /etc/letsencrypt/.

    Example

    Add these additions to the mailserver service in your docker-compose.yml:

    services:
  mailserver:
    # For the FQDN 'mail.example.com':
    hostname: mail
    domainname: example.com
    environment:
      - SSL_TYPE=letsencrypt
    volumes:
      - ./docker-data/certbot/certs/:/etc/letsencrypt

  3. The certificate setup is complete, but remember it will expire. Consider automating renewals.

Renewing Certificates

When running the above certonly --standalone snippet again, the existing certificate is renewed if it would expire within 30 days.

Alternatively, Certbot can look at all the certificates it manages, and only renew those nearing their expiry via the renew command:

# This will need access to port 443 from the internet, adjust your firewall if needed.
docker run --rm -it \
  -v "${PWD}/docker-data/certbot/certs/:/etc/letsencrypt/" \
  -v "${PWD}/docker-data/certbot/logs/:/var/log/letsencrypt/" \
  -p 80:80 \
  -p 443:443 \
  certbot/certbot renew

This process can also be automated via cron or systemd timers.

Using a different ACME CA

Certbot does support alternative certificate providers via the --server option. In most cases you'll want to use the default Let's Encrypt.

Example using certbot-dns-cloudflare with Docker

If you are unable get a certificate via the HTTP-01 (port 80) or TLS-ALPN-01 (port 443) challenge types, the DNS-01 challenge can be useful (this challenge can additionally issue wildcard certificates). This guide shows how to use the DNS-01 challenge with Cloudflare as your DNS provider.

Obtain a Cloudflare API token:

  1. Login into your Cloudflare dashboard.
  2. Navigate to the API Tokens page.

  3. Click "Create Token", and choose the Edit zone DNS template (Certbot requires the ZONE:DNS:Edit permission).

    Only include the necessary Zone resource configuration

    Be sure to configure "Zone Resources" section on this page to Include -> Specific zone -> <your zone here>.

    This restricts the API token to only this zone (domain) which is an important security measure.

  4. Store the API token you received in a file cloudflare.ini with content:

    dns_cloudflare_api_token = YOUR_CLOUDFLARE_TOKEN_HERE

  5. As this is sensitive data, you should restrict access to it with chmod 600 and chown 0:0.

  6. Store the file in a folder if you like, such as docker-data/certbot/secrets/.

  7. Your docker-compose.yml should include the following:

    services:
  mailserver:
    environments:
      # Set SSL certificate type.
      - SSL_TYPE=letsencrypt
    volumes:
      # Mount the cert folder generated by Certbot into mail-server:
      - ./docker-data/certbot/certs/:/etc/letsencrypt/:ro

  certbot-cloudflare:
    image: certbot/dns-cloudflare:latest
    command: certonly --dns-cloudflare --dns-cloudflare-credentials /run/secrets/cloudflare-api-token -d mail.example.com
    volumes:
      - ./docker-data/certbot/certs/:/etc/letsencrypt/
      - ./docker-data/certbot/logs/:/var/log/letsencrypt/
    secrets:
      - cloudflare-api-token

# Docs: https://docs.docker.com/engine/swarm/secrets/#use-secrets-in-compose
# WARNING: In compose configs without swarm, the long syntax options have no effect,
# Ensure that you properly `chmod 600` and `chown 0:0` the file on disk. Effectively treated as a bind mount.
secrets:
  cloudflare-api-token:
    file: ./docker-data/certbot/secrets/cloudflare.ini

    Alternative using the docker run command (secrets feature is not available):

    docker run \
  --volume "${PWD}/docker-data/certbot/certs/:/etc/letsencrypt/" \
  --volume "${PWD}/docker-data/certbot/logs/:/var/log/letsencrypt/" \
  --volume "${PWD}/docker-data/certbot/secrets/:/tmp/secrets/certbot/"
  certbot/dns-cloudflare \
  certonly --dns-cloudflare --dns-cloudflare-credentials /tmp/secrets/certbot/cloudflare.ini -d mail.example.com

  8. Run the service to provision a certificate:

    docker-compose run certbot-cloudflare

  9. You should see the following log output:

    Saving debug log to /var/log/letsencrypt/letsencrypt. log | Requesting a certificate for mail.example.com
Waiting 10 seconds for DNS changes to propagate
Successfully received certificate.
Certificate is saved at: /etc/letsencrypt/live/mail.example.com/fullchain.pem
Key is saved at: /etc/letsencrypt/live/mail.example.com/privkey.pem
This certificate expires on YYYY-MM-DD.
These files will be updated when the certificate renews.
NEXT STEPS:
- The certificate will need to be renewed before it expires. Certbot can automatically renew the certificate in background, but you may need to take steps to enable that functionality. See https://certbot.org/renewal structions.

After completing the steps above, your certificate should be ready to use.

Renewing a certificate (Optional)

We've only demonstrated how to provision a certificate, but it will expire in 90 days and need to be renewed before then.

In the following example, add a new service (certbot-cloudflare-renew) into docker-compose.yml that will handle certificate renewals:

services:
  certbot-cloudflare-renew:
    image: certbot/dns-cloudflare:latest
    command: renew --dns-cloudflare --dns-cloudflare-credentials /run/secrets/cloudflare-api-token
    volumes:
      - ./docker-data/certbot/certs/:/etc/letsencrtypt/
      - ./docker-data/certbot/logs/:/var/log/letsencrypt/
    secrets:
      - cloudflare-api-token

You can manually run this service to renew the cert within 90 days:

docker-compose run certbot-cloudflare-renew

You should see the following output (The following log was generated with --dry-run options)

Saving debug log to /var/log/letsencrypt/letsencrypt.log

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Processing /etc/letsencrypt/renewal/mail.example.com.conf
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Account registered.
Simulating renewal of an existing certificate for mail.example.com
Waiting 10 seconds for DNS changes to propagate

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Congratulations, all simulated renewals succeeded:
  /etc/letsencrypt/live/mail.example.com/fullchain.pem (success)
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

It is recommended to automate this renewal via a task scheduler like a systemd timer or in crontab (crontab example: Checks every day if the certificate should be renewed)

0 0 * * * docker-compose -f PATH_TO_YOUR_DOCKER_COMPOSE_YML up certbot-cloudflare-renew

Example using nginx-proxy and acme-companion with Docker

If you are running a web server already, port 80 will be in use which Certbot requires. You could use the Certbot --webroot feature, but it is more common to leverage a reverse proxy that manages the provisioning and renewal of certificates for your services automatically.

In the following example, we show how docker-mailserver can be run alongside the docker containers nginx-proxy and acme-companion (Referencing: acme-companion documentation):

  1. Start the reverse proxy (nginx-proxy):

    docker run --detach \
  --name nginx-proxy \
  --restart always \
  --publish 80:80 \
  --publish 443:443 \
  --volume "${PWD}/docker-data/nginx-proxy/html/:/usr/share/nginx/html/" \
  --volume "${PWD}/docker-data/nginx-proxy/vhost.d/:/etc/nginx/vhost.d/" \
  --volume "${PWD}/docker-data/acme-companion/certs/:/etc/nginx/certs/:ro" \
  --volume '/var/run/docker.sock:/tmp/docker.sock:ro' \
  nginxproxy/nginx-proxy

  2. Then start the certificate provisioner (acme-companion), which will provide certificates to nginx-proxy:

    # Inherit `nginx-proxy` volumes via `--volumes-from`, but make `certs/` writeable:
docker run --detach \
  --name nginx-proxy-acme \
  --restart always \
  --volumes-from nginx-proxy \
  --volume "${PWD}/docker-data/acme-companion/certs/:/etc/nginx/certs/:rw" \
  --volume "${PWD}/docker-data/acme-companion/acme-state/:/etc/acme.sh/" \
  --volume '/var/run/docker.sock:/var/run/docker.sock:ro' \
  --env 'DEFAULT_EMAIL=admin@example.com' \
  nginxproxy/acme-companion

  3. Start the rest of your web server containers as usual.

  4. Start a dummy container to provision certificates for your FQDN (eg: mail.example.com). acme-companion will detect the container and generate a Let's Encrypt certificate for your domain, which can be used by docker-mailserver:

    docker run --detach \
  --name webmail \
  --env 'VIRTUAL_HOST=mail.example.com' \
  --env 'LETSENCRYPT_HOST=mail.example.com' \
  --env 'LETSENCRYPT_EMAIL=admin@example.com' \
  nginx

    You may want to add --env LETSENCRYPT_TEST=true to the above while testing, to avoid the Let's Encrypt certificate generation rate limits.

  5. Make sure your mount path to the letsencrypt certificates directory is correct. Edit your docker-compose.yml for the mailserver service to have volumes added like below:

    volumes:
  - ./docker-data/dms/mail-data/:/var/mail/
  - ./docker-data/dms/mail-state/:/var/mail-state/
  - ./docker-data/dms/config/:/tmp/docker-mailserver/
  - ./docker-data/acme-companion/certs/:/etc/letsencrypt/live/:ro

  6. Then from the docker-compose.yml project directory, run: docker-compose up -d mailserver.

Example using nginx-proxy and acme-companion with docker-compose

The following example is the basic setup you need for using nginx-proxy and acme-companion with docker-mailserver (Referencing: acme-companion documentation):

Example: docker-compose.yml

You should have an existing docker-compose.yml with a mailserver service. Below are the modifications to add for integrating with nginx-proxy and acme-companion services:

version: '3.8'
services:
  # Add the following `environment` and `volumes` to your existing `mailserver` service:
  mailserver:
    environment:
      # SSL_TYPE:         Uses the `letsencrypt` method to find mounted certificates.
      # VIRTUAL_HOST:     The FQDN that `nginx-proxy` will configure itself to handle for HTTP[S] connections.
      # LETSENCRYPT_HOST: The FQDN for a certificate that `acme-companion` will provision and renew.
      - SSL_TYPE=letsencrypt
      - VIRTUAL_HOST=mail.example.com
      - LETSENCRYPT_HOST=mail.example.com
    volumes:
      - ./docker-data/acme-companion/certs/:/etc/letsencrypt/live/:ro

  # If you don't yet have your own `nginx-proxy` and `acme-companion` setup,
  # here is an example you can use:
  reverse-proxy:
    image: nginxproxy/nginx-proxy
    container_name: nginx-proxy
    restart: always
    ports:
      # Port  80: Required for HTTP-01 challenges to `acme-companion`.
      # Port 443: Only required for containers that need access over HTTPS. TLS-ALPN-01 challenge not supported.
      - "80:80"
      - "443:443"
    volumes:
      # `certs/`:      Managed by the `acme-companion` container (_read-only_).
      # `docker.sock`: Required to interact with containers via the Docker API.
      # `dhparam`:     A named data volume to prevent `nginx-proxy` creating an anonymous volume each time.
      - ./docker-data/nginx-proxy/html/:/usr/share/nginx/html/
      - ./docker-data/nginx-proxy/vhost.d/:/etc/nginx/vhost.d/
      - ./docker-data/acme-companion/certs/:/etc/nginx/certs/:ro
      - /var/run/docker.sock:/tmp/docker.sock:ro
      - dhparam:/etc/nginx/dhparam

  acme-companion:
    image: nginxproxy/acme-companion
    container_name: nginx-proxy-acme
    restart: always
    environment:
      # Only docker-compose v2 supports: `volumes_from: [nginx-proxy]`,
      # reference the _reverse-proxy_ `container_name` here:
      - NGINX_PROXY_CONTAINER=nginx-proxy
    volumes:
      # `html/`:       Write ACME HTTP-01 challenge files that `nginx-proxy` will serve.
      # `vhost.d/`:    To enable web access via `nginx-proxy` to HTTP-01 challenge files.
      # `certs/`:      To store certificates and private keys.
      # `acme-state/`: To persist config and state for the ACME provisioner (`acme.sh`).
      # `docker.sock`: Required to interact with containers via the Docker API.
      - ./docker-data/nginx-proxy/html/:/usr/share/nginx/html/
      - ./docker-data/nginx-proxy/vhost.d/:/etc/nginx/vhost.d/
      - ./docker-data/acme-companion/certs/:/etc/nginx/certs/:rw
      - ./docker-data/acme-companion/acme-state/:/etc/acme.sh/
      - /var/run/docker.sock:/var/run/docker.sock:ro

# Once `nginx-proxy` fixes their Dockerfile, this named data volume can be removed from docs.
# Users can opt for a local bind mount volume like all others if they prefer, but this volume
# is only intended to be temporary.
volumes:
  dhparam:

Optional ENV vars worth knowing about

Per container ENV that acme-companion will detect to override default provisioning settings:

  • LETSENCRYPT_TEST=true: Recommended during initial setup. Otherwise the default production endpoint has a rate limit of 5 duplicate certificates per week. Overrides ACME_CA_URI to use the Let's Encrypt staging endpoint.
  • LETSENCRYPT_EMAIL: For when you don't use DEFAULT_EMAIL on acme-companion, or want to assign a different email contact for this container.
  • LETSENCRYPT_KEYSIZE: Allows you to configure the type (RSA or ECDSA) and size of the private key for your certificate. Default is RSA 4096.
  • LETSENCRYPT_RESTART_CONTAINER=true: When the certificate is renewed, the entire container will be restarted to ensure the new certificate is used.

acme-companion ENV for default settings that apply to all containers using LETSENCRYPT_HOST:

  • DEFAULT_EMAIL: An email address that the CA (eg: Let's Encrypt) can contact you about expiring certificates, failed renewals, or for account recovery. You may want to use an email address not handled by your mail-server to ensure deliverability in the event your mail-server breaks.
  • CERTS_UPDATE_INTERVAL: If you need to adjust the frequency to check for renewals. 3600 seconds (1 hour) by default.
  • DEBUG=1: Should be helpful when troubleshooting provisioning issues from acme-companion logs.
  • ACME_CA_URI: Useful in combination with CA_BUNDLE to use a private CA. To change the default Let's Encrypt endpoint to the staging endpoint, use https://acme-staging-v02.api.letsencrypt.org/directory.
  • CA_BUNDLE: If you want to use a private CA instead of Let's Encrypt.

Alternative to required ENV on mailserver service

While you will still need both nginx-proxy and acme-companion containers, you can manage certificates without adding ENV vars to containers. Instead the ENV is moved into a file and uses the acme-companion feature Standalone certificates.

This requires adding another shared volume between nginx-proxy and acme-companion:

services:
  reverse-proxy:
    volumes:
      - ./docker-data/nginx-proxy/conf.d/:/etc/nginx/conf.d/

  acme-companion:
    volumes:
      - ./docker-data/nginx-proxy/conf.d/:/etc/nginx/conf.d/
      - ./docker-data/acme-companion/standalone.sh:/app/letsencrypt_user_data:ro

acme-companion mounts a shell script (standalone.sh), which defines variables to customize certificate provisioning:

# A list IDs for certificates to provision:
LETSENCRYPT_STANDALONE_CERTS=('mail')

# Each ID inserts itself into the standard `acme-companion` supported container ENV vars below.
# The LETSENCRYPT_<ID>_HOST var is a list of FQDNs to provision a certificate for as the SAN field:
LETSENCRYPT_mail_HOST=('mail.example.com')

# Optional variables:
LETSENCRYPT_mail_TEST=true
LETSENCRYPT_mail_EMAIL='admin@example.com'
# RSA-4096 => `4096`, ECDSA-256 => `ec-256`:
LETSENCRYPT_mail_KEYSIZE=4096

Unlike with the equivalent ENV for containers, changes to this file will not be detected automatically. You would need to wait until the next renewal check by acme-companion (every hour by default), restart acme-companion, or manually invoke the service loop:

docker exec nginx-proxy-acme /app/signal_le_service

Example using Let's Encrypt Certificates with a Synology NAS

Version 6.2 and later of the Synology NAS DSM OS now come with an interface to generate and renew letencrypt certificates. Navigation into your DSM control panel and go to Security, then click on the tab Certificate to generate and manage letsencrypt certificates.

Amongst other things, you can use these to secure your mail-server. DSM locates the generated certificates in a folder below /usr/syno/etc/certificate/_archive/.

Navigate to that folder and note the 6 character random folder name of the certificate you'd like to use. Then, add the following to your docker-compose.yml declaration file:

# Note: If you have an existing setup that was working pre docker-mailserver v10.2,
# '/tmp/dms/custom-certs' below has replaced the previous '/tmp/ssl' container path.
volumes:
  - /usr/syno/etc/certificate/_archive/<your-folder>/:/tmp/dms/custom-certs/
environment:
  - SSL_TYPE=manual
  - SSL_CERT_PATH=/tmp/dms/custom-certs/fullchain.pem
  - SSL_KEY_PATH=/tmp/dms/custom-certs/privkey.pem

DSM-generated letsencrypt certificates get auto-renewed every three months.

Caddy

If you are using Caddy to renew your certificates, please note that only RSA certificates work. Read #1440 for details. In short for Caddy v1 the Caddyfile should look something like:

https://mail.example.com {
  tls admin@example.com {
    key_type rsa2048
  }
}

For Caddy v2 you can specify the key_type in your server's global settings, which would end up looking something like this if you're using a Caddyfile:

{
  debug
  admin localhost:2019
  http_port 80
  https_port 443
  default_sni example.com
  key_type rsa4096
}

If you are instead using a json config for Caddy v2, you can set it in your site's TLS automation policies:

Example Code 
{
  "apps": {
    "http": {
      "servers": {
        "srv0": {
          "listen": [
            ":443"
          ],
          "routes": [
            {
              "match": [
                {
                  "host": [
                    "mail.example.com",
                  ]
                }
              ],
              "handle": [
                {
                  "handler": "subroute",
                  "routes": [
                    {
                      "handle": [
                        {
                          "body": "",
                          "handler": "static_response"
                        }
                      ]
                    }
                  ]
                }
              ],
              "terminal": true
            },
          ]
        }
      }
    },
    "tls": {
      "automation": {
        "policies": [
          {
            "subjects": [
              "mail.example.com",
            ],
            "key_type": "rsa2048",
            "issuer": {
              "email": "admin@example.com",
              "module": "acme"
            }
          },
          {
            "issuer": {
              "email": "admin@example.com",
              "module": "acme"
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    }
  }
}

The generated certificates can be mounted:

volumes:
  - ${CADDY_DATA_DIR}/certificates/acme-v02.api.letsencrypt.org-directory/mail.example.com/mail.example.com.crt:/etc/letsencrypt/live/mail.example.com/fullchain.pem
  - ${CADDY_DATA_DIR}/certificates/acme-v02.api.letsencrypt.org-directory/mail.example.com/mail.example.com.key:/etc/letsencrypt/live/mail.example.com/privkey.pem

EC certificates fail in the TLS handshake:

CONNECTED(00000003)
140342221178112:error:14094410:SSL routines:ssl3_read_bytes:sslv3 alert handshake failure:ssl/record/rec_layer_s3.c:1543:SSL alert number 40
no peer certificate available
No client certificate CA names sent

Traefik v2

Traefik is an open-source application proxy using the ACME protocol. Traefik can request certificates for domains and subdomains, and it will take care of renewals, challenge negotiations, etc. We strongly recommend to use Traefik's major version 2.

Traefik's storage format is natively supported if the acme.json store is mounted into the container at /etc/letsencrypt/acme.json. The file is also monitored for changes and will trigger a reload of the mail services (Postfix and Dovecot).

Wildcard certificates are supported. If your FQDN is mail.example.com and your wildcard certificate is *.example.com, add the ENV: SSL_DOMAIN=example.com.

The mail-server will select it's certificate from acme.json checking these ENV for a matching FQDN (in order of priority):

  1. ${SSL_DOMAIN}
  2. ${HOSTNAME}
  3. ${DOMAINNAME}

This setup only comes with one caveat: The domain has to be configured on another service for Traefik to actually request it from Let's Encrypt, i.e. Traefik will not issue a certificate without a service / router demanding it.

Example Code

Here is an example setup for docker-compose:

version: '3.8'
services:
  mailserver:
    image: docker.io/mailserver/docker-mailserver:latest
    container_name: mailserver
    hostname: mail
    domainname: example.com
    volumes:
       - ./docker-data/traefik/acme.json:/etc/letsencrypt/acme.json:ro
    environment:
      SSL_TYPE: letsencrypt
      SSL_DOMAIN: mail.example.com
      # for a wildcard certificate, use
      # SSL_DOMAIN: example.com

  reverse-proxy:
    image: docker.io/traefik:latest #v2.5
    container_name: docker-traefik
    ports:
       - "80:80"
       - "443:443"
    command:
       - --providers.docker
       - --entrypoints.http.address=:80
       - --entrypoints.http.http.redirections.entryPoint.to=https
       - --entrypoints.http.http.redirections.entryPoint.scheme=https
       - --entrypoints.https.address=:443
       - --entrypoints.https.http.tls.certResolver=letsencrypt
       - --certificatesresolvers.letsencrypt.acme.email=admin@example.com
       - --certificatesresolvers.letsencrypt.acme.storage=/acme.json
       - --certificatesresolvers.letsencrypt.acme.httpchallenge.entrypoint=http
    volumes:
       - ./docker-data/traefik/acme.json:/acme.json
       - /var/run/docker.sock:/var/run/docker.sock:ro

  whoami:
    image: docker.io/traefik/whoami:latest
    labels:
       - "traefik.http.routers.whoami.rule=Host(`mail.example.com`)"

Self-Signed Certificates

Warning

Use self-signed certificates only for testing purposes!

This feature requires you to provide the following files into your docker-data/dms/config/ssl/ directory (internal location: /tmp/docker-mailserver/ssl/):

  • <FQDN>-key.pem
  • <FQDN>-cert.pem
  • demoCA/cacert.pem

Where <FQDN> is the FQDN you've configured for your docker-mailserver container.

Add SSL_TYPE=self-signed to your docker-mailserver environment variables. Postfix and Dovecot will be configured to use the provided certificate (.pem files above) during container startup.

Generating a self-signed certificate

Note

Since docker-mailserver v10, support in setup.sh for generating a self-signed SSL certificate internally was removed.

One way to generate self-signed certificates is with Smallstep's step CLI. This is exactly what docker-mailserver does for creating test certificates.

For example with the FQDN mail.example.test, you can generate the required files by running:

#! /bin/sh
mkdir -p demoCA

step certificate create "Smallstep Root CA" "demoCA/cacert.pem" "demoCA/cakey.pem" \
  --no-password --insecure \
  --profile root-ca \
  --not-before "2021-01-01T00:00:00+00:00" \
  --not-after "2031-01-01T00:00:00+00:00" \
  --san "example.test" \
  --san "mail.example.test" \
  --kty RSA --size 2048

step certificate create "Smallstep Leaf" mail.example.test-cert.pem mail.example.test-key.pem \
  --no-password --insecure \
  --profile leaf \
  --ca "demoCA/cacert.pem" \
  --ca-key "demoCA/cakey.pem" \
  --not-before "2021-01-01T00:00:00+00:00" \
  --not-after "2031-01-01T00:00:00+00:00" \
  --san "example.test" \
  --san "mail.example.test" \
  --kty RSA --size 2048

If you'd rather not install the CLI tool locally to run the step commands above; you can save the script above to a file such as generate-certs.sh (and make it executable chmod +x generate-certs.sh) in a directory that you want the certs to be placed (eg: docker-data/dms/custom-certs/), then use docker to run that script in a container:

# '--user' is to keep ownership of the files written to
# the local volume to use your systems User and Group ID values.
docker run --rm -it \
  --user "$(id -u):$(id -g)" \
  --volume "${PWD}/docker-data/dms/custom-certs/:/tmp/step-ca/" \
  --workdir "/tmp/step-ca/" \
  --entrypoint "/tmp/step-ca/generate-certs.sh" \
  smallstep/step-ca

Bring Your Own Certificates

You can also provide your own certificate files. Add these entries to your docker-compose.yml:

volumes:
  - ./docker-data/dms/custom-certs/:/tmp/dms/custom-certs/:ro
environment:
  - SSL_TYPE=manual
  # Values should match the file paths inside the container:
  - SSL_CERT_PATH=/tmp/dms/custom-certs/public.crt
  - SSL_KEY_PATH=/tmp/dms/custom-certs/private.key

This will mount the path where your certificate files reside locally into the read-only container folder: /tmp/dms/custom-certs.

The local and internal paths may be whatever you prefer, so long as both SSL_CERT_PATH and SSL_KEY_PATH point to the correct internal file paths. The certificate files may also be named to your preference, but should be PEM encoded.

SSL_ALT_CERT_PATH and SSL_ALT_KEY_PATH are additional ENV vars to support a 2nd certificate as a fallback. Commonly known as hybrid or dual certificate support. This is useful for using a modern ECDSA as your primary certificate, and RSA as your fallback for older connections. They work in the same manner as the non-ALT versions.

Info

You may have to restart docker-mailserver once the certificates change.

Testing a Certificate is Valid

  • From your host:

    docker exec mailserver openssl s_client \
  -connect 0.0.0.0:25 \
  -starttls smtp \
  -CApath /etc/ssl/certs/

  • Or:

    docker exec mailserver openssl s_client \
  -connect 0.0.0.0:143 \
  -starttls imap \
  -CApath /etc/ssl/certs/

And you should see the certificate chain, the server certificate and: Verify return code: 0 (ok)

In addition, to verify certificate dates:

docker exec mailserver openssl s_client \
  -connect 0.0.0.0:25 \
  -starttls smtp \
  -CApath /etc/ssl/certs/ \
  2>/dev/null | openssl x509 -noout -dates

Plain-Text Access

Warning

Not recommended for purposes other than testing.

Add this to docker-data/dms/config/dovecot.cf:

ssl = yes
disable_plaintext_auth=no

These options in conjunction mean:

  • SSL/TLS is offered to the client, but the client isn't required to use it.
  • The client is allowed to login with plaintext authentication even when SSL/TLS isn't enabled on the connection.
  • This is insecure, because the plaintext password is exposed to the internet.

Importing Certificates Obtained via Another Source

If you have another source for SSL/TLS certificates you can import them into the server via an external script. The external script can be found here: external certificate import script.

Only compatible with docker-mailserver releases < v10.2

The script expects /etc/postfix/ssl/cert and /etc/postfix/ssl/key files to be configured paths for both Postfix and Dovecot to use.

Since the docker-mailserver 10.2 release, certificate files have moved to /etc/dms/tls/, and the file name may differ depending on provisioning method.

This third-party script also has fullchain.pem and privkey.pem as hard-coded, thus is incompatible with other filenames.

Additionally it has never supported handling ALT fallback certificates (for supporting dual/hybrid, RSA + ECDSA).

The steps to follow are these:

  1. Transfer the new certificates to ./docker-data/dms/custom-certs/ (volume mounted to: /tmp/ssl/)
  2. You should provide fullchain.key and privkey.pem
  3. Place the script in ./docker-data/dms/config/ (volume mounted to: /tmp/docker-mailserver/)
  4. Make the script executable (chmod +x tomav-renew-certs.sh)
  5. Run the script: docker exec mailserver /tmp/docker-mailserver/tomav-renew-certs.sh

If an error occurs the script will inform you. If not you will see both postfix and dovecot restart.

After the certificates have been loaded you can check the certificate:

openssl s_client \
  -servername mail.example.com \
  -connect 192.168.0.72:465 \
  2>/dev/null | openssl x509

# or

openssl s_client \
  -servername mail.example.com \
  -connect mail.example.com:465 \
  2>/dev/null | openssl x509

Or you can check how long the new certificate is valid with commands like:

export SITE_URL="mail.example.com"
export SITE_IP_URL="192.168.0.72" # can also use `mail.example.com`
export SITE_SSL_PORT="993" # imap port dovecot

##works: check if certificate will expire in two weeks 
#2 weeks is 1209600 seconds
#3 weeks is 1814400
#12 weeks is 7257600
#15 weeks is 9072000

certcheck_2weeks=`openssl s_client -connect ${SITE_IP_URL}:${SITE_SSL_PORT} \
  -servername ${SITE_URL} 2> /dev/null | openssl x509 -noout -checkend 1209600`

####################################
#notes: output could be either:
#Certificate will not expire
#Certificate will expire
####################

What does the script that imports the certificates do:

  1. Check if there are new certs in the internal container folder: /tmp/ssl.
  2. Check with the ssl cert fingerprint if they differ from the current certificates.
  3. If so it will copy the certs to the right places.
  4. And restart postfix and dovecot.

You can of course run the script by cron once a week or something. In that way you could automate cert renewal. If you do so it is probably wise to run an automated check on certificate expiry as well. Such a check could look something like this:

# This script is run inside docker-mailserver via 'docker exec ...', using the 'mail' command to send alerts.
## code below will alert if certificate expires in less than two weeks
## please adjust varables!
## make sure the 'mail -s' command works! Test!

export SITE_URL="mail.example.com"
export SITE_IP_URL="192.168.2.72" # can also use `mail.example.com`
export SITE_SSL_PORT="993" # imap port dovecot
# Below can be from a different domain; like your personal email, not handled by this docker-mailserver:
export ALERT_EMAIL_ADDR="external-account@gmail.com"

certcheck_2weeks=`openssl s_client -connect ${SITE_IP_URL}:${SITE_SSL_PORT} \
  -servername ${SITE_URL} 2> /dev/null | openssl x509 -noout -checkend 1209600`

####################################
#notes: output can be
#Certificate will not expire
#Certificate will expire
####################

#echo "certcheck 2 weeks gives $certcheck_2weeks"

##automated check you might run by cron or something
## does the certificate expire within two weeks?

if [ "$certcheck_2weeks" = "Certificate will not expire" ]; then
  echo "all is well, certwatch 2 weeks says $certcheck_2weeks"
  else
    echo "Cert seems to be expiring pretty soon, within two weeks: $certcheck_2weeks"
    echo "we will send an alert email and log as well"
    logger Certwatch: cert $SITE_URL will expire in two weeks
    echo "Certwatch: cert $SITE_URL will expire in two weeks" | mail -s "cert $SITE_URL expires in two weeks " $ALERT_EMAIL_ADDR 
fi

Custom DH Parameters

By default docker-mailserver uses ffdhe4096 from IETF RFC 7919. These are standardized pre-defined DH groups and the only available DH groups for TLS 1.3. It is discouraged to generate your own DH parameters as it is often less secure.

Despite this, if you must use non-standard DH parameters or you would like to swap ffdhe4096 for a different group (eg ffdhe2048); Add your own PEM encoded DH params file via a volume to /tmp/docker-mailserver/dhparams.pem. This will replace DH params for both Dovecot and Postfix services during container startup.