docker-mailserver/docs/content/faq.md

---
title: 'FAQ'
---

### What kind of database are you using?

None! No database is required. Filesystem is the database.
This image is based on config files that can be persisted using bind mounts (default) or Docker volumes, and as such versioned, backed up and so forth.

### Where are emails stored?

Mails are stored in `/var/mail/${domain}/${username}`. Since `v9.0.0` it is possible to add custom `user_attributes` for each accounts to have a different mailbox configuration (See [#1792][github-issue-1792]).

### How to alter the running `docker-mailserver` instance _without_ relaunching the container?

`docker-mailserver` aggregates multiple "sub-services", such as Postfix, Dovecot, Fail2ban, SpamAssassin, etc. In many cases, one may edit a sub-service's config and reload that very sub-service, without stopping and relaunching the whole mail-server.

In order to do so, you'll probably want to push your config updates to your server through a Docker volume (these docs use: `./docker-data/dms/config/:/tmp/docker-mailserver/`), then restart the sub-service to apply your changes, using `supervisorctl`. For instance, after editing fail2ban's config: `supervisorctl restart fail2ban`.

See [supervisorctl's documentation](http://supervisord.org/running.html#running-supervisorctl).

!!! tip
    To add, update or delete an email account; there is no need to restart postfix / dovecot service inside the container after using `setup.sh` script.

    For more information, see [#1639][github-issue-1639].

### How can I sync container with host date/time? Timezone?

Share the host's [`/etc/localtime`](https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/localtime.html) with the `docker-mailserver` container, using a Docker volume:

```yaml
volumes:
  - /etc/localtime:/etc/localtime:ro
```

!!! help "Optional"
    Add one line to `.env` or `env-mailserver` to set timetzone for container, for example:

    ```env
    TZ=Europe/Berlin
    ```

    Check here for the [`tz name list`](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tz_database_time_zones)

### What is the file format?

All files are using the Unix format with `LF` line endings.

Please do not use `CRLF`.

### What about backups?

#### Bind mounts (default)

From the location of your `docker-compose.yml`, create a compressed archive of your `docker-data/dms/config/` and `docker-data/dms/mail-*` folders:

```bash
tar --gzip -cf "backup-$(date +%F).tar.gz" ./docker-data/dms
```

Then to restore `docker-data/dms/config/` and `docker-data/dms/mail-*` folders from your backup file:

```bash
tar --gzip -xf backup-date.tar.gz
```

#### Volumes

Assuming that you use `docker-compose` and data volumes, you can backup the configuration, emails and logs like this:

```sh
# create backup
docker run --rm -it \
  -v "${PWD}/docker-data/dms/config/:/tmp/docker-mailserver/" \
  -v "${PWD}/docker-data/dms-backups/:/backup/" \
  --volumes-from mailserver \
  alpine:latest \
  tar czf "/backup/mail-$(date +%F).tar.gz" /var/mail /var/mail-state /var/log/mail /tmp/docker-mailserver

# delete backups older than 30 days
find "${PWD}/docker-data/dms-backups/" -type f -mtime +30 -delete
```

### What about `docker-data/dms/mail-state` folder? (_`/var/mail-state` internally_)

When you run `docker-mailserver` with the ENV var `ONE_DIR=1` (_default since v10.2_), this folder will store the data from internal services so that you can more easily persist state to disk (via `volumes`).

This has the advantage of fail2ban blocks, ClamAV anti-virus updates and the like being kept across restarts for example.

Service data is [relocated to the `mail-state` folder][mail-state-folders] for services: Postfix, Dovecot, Fail2Ban, Amavis, PostGrey, ClamAV, SpamAssassin.

### How can I configure my email client?

Login is full email address (`<user>@<domain>`).

```properties
# imap
username:           <user1@example.com>
password:           <mypassword>
server:             <mail.example.com>
imap port:          143 or 993 with ssl (recommended)
imap path prefix:   INBOX

# smtp
smtp port:          25 or 587 with ssl (recommended)
username:           <user1@example.com>
password:           <mypassword>
```

Please use `STARTTLS`.

### How can I manage my custom SpamAssassin rules?

Antispam rules are managed in `docker-data/dms/config/spamassassin-rules.cf`.

### What are acceptable `SA_SPAM_SUBJECT` values?

For no subject set `SA_SPAM_SUBJECT=undef`.

For a trailing white-space subject one can define the whole variable with quotes in `docker-compose.yml`:

```yaml
environment:
  - "SA_SPAM_SUBJECT=[SPAM] "
```

### Can I use naked/bare domains (no host name)?

Yes, but not without some configuration changes. Normally it is assumed that `docker-mailserver` runs on a host with a name, so the fully qualified host name might be `mail.example.com` with the domain `example.com`. The MX records point to `mail.example.com`.

To use a bare domain (_where the host name is `example.com` and the domain is also `example.com`_), change `mydestination`:

- From: `mydestination = $myhostname, localhost.$mydomain, localhost`
- To: `mydestination = localhost.$mydomain, localhost`

Add the latter line to `docker-data/dms/config/postfix-main.cf`. If that doesn't work, make sure that `OVERRIDE_HOSTNAME` is blank in your `mailserver.env` file (see [#1731](https://github.com/docker-mailserver/docker-mailserver/issues/1731#issuecomment-753968425)). Without these changes there will be warnings in the logs like:

```log
warning: do not list domain example.com in BOTH mydestination and virtual_mailbox_domains
```

Plus of course mail delivery fails.

Also you need to define `hostname: example.com` in your docker-compose.yml and don't sepecify the `domainname:` at all.

### Why are SpamAssassin `x-headers` not inserted into my `subdomain.example.com` subdomain emails?

In the default setup, amavis only applies SpamAssassin x-headers into domains matching the template listed in the config file (`05-domain_id` in the amavis defaults).

The default setup `@local_domains_acl = ( ".$mydomain" );` does not match subdomains. To match subdomains, you can override the `@local_domains_acl` directive in the amavis user config file `50-user` with `@local_domains_maps = (".");` to match any sort of domain template.

### How can I make SpamAssassin better recognize spam?

Put received spams in `.Junk/` imap folder using `SPAMASSASSIN_SPAM_TO_INBOX=1` and `MOVE_SPAM_TO_JUNK=1` and add a _user_ cron like the following:

```conf
# This assumes you're having `environment: ONE_DIR=1` in the `mailserver.env`,
# with a consolidated config in `/var/mail-state`
#
# m h dom mon dow command
# Everyday 2:00AM, learn spam from a specific user
0 2 * * * docker exec mailserver sa-learn --spam /var/mail/example.com/username/.Junk --dbpath /var/mail-state/lib-amavis/.spamassassin
```

With `docker-compose` you can more easily use the internal instance of `cron` within `docker-mailserver`. This is less problematic than the simple solution shown above, because it decouples the learning from the host on which `docker-mailserver` is running, and avoids errors if the mail-server is not running.

The following configuration works nicely:

??? example

    Create a _system_ cron file:

    ```sh
    # in the docker-compose.yml root directory
    mkdir -p ./docker-data/dms/cron
    touch ./docker-data/dms/cron/sa-learn
    chown root:root ./docker-data/dms/cron/sa-learn
    chmod 0644 ./docker-data/dms/cron/sa-learn
    ```

    Edit the system cron file `nano ./docker-data/dms/cron/sa-learn`, and set an appropriate configuration:

    ```conf
    # This assumes you're having `environment: ONE_DIR=1` in the env-mailserver,
    # with a consolidated config in `/var/mail-state`
    #
    # '> /dev/null' to send error notifications from 'stderr' to 'postmaster@example.com'
    #
    # m h dom mon dow user command
    #
    # Everyday 2:00AM, learn spam from a specific user
    # spam: junk directory
    0  2 * * * root  sa-learn --spam /var/mail/example.com/username/.Junk --dbpath /var/mail-state/lib-amavis/.spamassassin > /dev/null
    # ham: archive directories
    15 2 * * * root  sa-learn --ham /var/mail/example.com/username/.Archive* --dbpath /var/mail-state/lib-amavis/.spamassassin > /dev/null
    # ham: inbox subdirectories
    30 2 * * * root  sa-learn --ham /var/mail/example.com/username/cur* --dbpath /var/mail-state/lib-amavis/.spamassassin > /dev/null
    #
    # Everyday 3:00AM, learn spam from all users of a domain
    # spam: junk directory
    0  3 * * * root  sa-learn --spam /var/mail/not-example.com/*/.Junk --dbpath /var/mail-state/lib-amavis/.spamassassin > /dev/null
    # ham: archive directories
    15 3 * * * root  sa-learn --ham /var/mail/not-example.com/*/.Archive* --dbpath /var/mail-state/lib-amavis/.spamassassin > /dev/null
    # ham: inbox subdirectories
    30 3 * * * root  sa-learn --ham /var/mail/not-example.com/*/cur* --dbpath /var/mail-state/lib-amavis/.spamassassin > /dev/null
    ```

    Then with `docker-compose.yml`:

    ```yaml
    services:
      mailserver:
        image: docker.io/mailserver/docker-mailserver:latest
        volumes:
          - ./docker-data/dms/cron/sa-learn:/etc/cron.d/sa-learn
    ```

    Or with [Docker Swarm](https://docs.docker.com/engine/swarm/configs/):

    ```yaml
    version: '3.8'

    services:
      mailserver:
        image: docker.io/mailserver/docker-mailserver:latest
        # ...
        configs:
          - source: my_sa_crontab
            target: /etc/cron.d/sa-learn

    configs:
      my_sa_crontab:
        file: ./docker-data/dms/cron/sa-learn
    ```

With the default settings, SpamAssassin will require 200 mails trained for spam (for example with the method explained above) and 200 mails trained for ham (using the same command as above but using `--ham` and providing it with some ham mails). Until you provided these 200+200 mails, SpamAssassin will not take the learned mails into account. For further reference, see the [SpamAssassin Wiki](https://wiki.apache.org/spamassassin/BayesNotWorking).

### How can I configure a catch-all?

Considering you want to redirect all incoming e-mails for the domain `example.com` to `user1@example.com`, add the following line to `docker-data/dms/config/postfix-virtual.cf`:

```cf
@example.com user1@example.com
```

### How can I delete all the emails for a specific user?

First of all, create a special alias named `devnull` by editing `docker-data/dms/config/postfix-aliases.cf`:

```cf
devnull: /dev/null
```

Considering you want to delete all the e-mails received for `baduser@example.com`, add the following line to `docker-data/dms/config/postfix-virtual.cf`:

```cf
baduser@example.com devnull
```

### How do I have more control about what SPAMASSASIN is filtering?

By default, SPAM and INFECTED emails are put to a quarantine which is not very straight forward to access. Several config settings are affecting this behavior:

First, make sure you have the proper thresholds set:

```conf
SA_TAG=-100000.0
SA_TAG2=3.75
SA_KILL=100000.0
```

- The very negative vaue in `SA_TAG` makes sure, that all emails have the SpamAssassin headers included.
- `SA_TAG2` is the actual threshold to set the YES/NO flag for spam detection.
- `SA_KILL` needs to be very high, to make sure nothing is bounced at all (`SA_KILL` superseeds `SPAMASSASSIN_SPAM_TO_INBOX`)

Make sure everything (including SPAM) is delivered to the inbox and not quarantined:

```conf
SPAMASSASSIN_SPAM_TO_INBOX=1
```

Use `MOVE_SPAM_TO_JUNK=1` or create a sieve script which puts spam to the Junk folder:

```sieve
require ["comparator-i;ascii-numeric","relational","fileinto"];

if header :contains "X-Spam-Flag" "YES" {
  fileinto "Junk";
} elsif allof (
   not header :matches "x-spam-score" "-*",
   header :value "ge" :comparator "i;ascii-numeric" "x-spam-score" "3.75" ) {
  fileinto "Junk";
}
```

Create a dedicated mailbox for emails which are infected/bad header and everything amavis is blocking by default and put its address into `docker-data/dms/config/amavis.cf`

```cf
$clean_quarantine_to      = "amavis\@example.com";
$virus_quarantine_to      = "amavis\@example.com";
$banned_quarantine_to     = "amavis\@example.com";
$bad_header_quarantine_to = "amavis\@example.com";
$spam_quarantine_to       = "amavis\@example.com";
```

### What kind of SSL certificates can I use?

You can use the same certificates you would use with another mail-server.

The only difference is that we provide a `self-signed` certificate tool and a `letsencrypt` certificate loader.

### I just moved from my old Mail-Server, but "it doesn't work"?

If this migration implies a DNS modification, be sure to wait for DNS propagation before opening an issue.
Few examples of symptoms can be found [here][github-issue-95] or [here][github-issue-97].

This could be related to a modification of your `MX` record, or the IP mapped to `mail.example.com`. Additionally, [validate your DNS configuration](https://intodns.com/).

If everything is OK regarding DNS, please provide [formatted logs](https://guides.github.com/features/mastering-markdown/) and config files. This will allow us to help you.

If we're blind, we won't be able to do anything.

### What system requirements are required to run `docker-mailserver` effectively?

1 core and 1GB of RAM + swap partition is recommended to run `docker-mailserver` with ClamAV.
Otherwise, it could work with 512M of RAM.

!!! warning
    ClamAV can consume a lot of memory, as it reads the entire signature database into RAM.

    Current figure is about 850M and growing. If you get errors about ClamAV or amavis failing to allocate memory you need more RAM or more swap and of course docker must be allowed to use swap (not always the case). If you can't use swap at all you may need 3G RAM.

### Can `docker-mailserver` run in a Rancher Environment?

Yes, by adding the environment variable `PERMIT_DOCKER: network`.

!!! warning
    Adding the docker network's gateway to the list of trusted hosts, e.g. using the `network` or `connected-networks` option, can create an [**open relay**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_mail_relay), for instance [if IPv6 is enabled on the host machine but not in Docker][github-issue-1405-comment].

### How can I Authenticate Users with `SMTP_ONLY`?

See [#1247][github-issue-1247] for an example.

!!! todo
    Write a How-to / Use-Case / Tutorial about authentication with `SMTP_ONLY`.

### Common Errors

```log
warning: connect to Milter service inet:localhost:8893: Connection refused
# DMARC not running
# => /etc/init.d/opendmarc restart

warning: connect to Milter service inet:localhost:8891: Connection refused
# DKIM not running
# => /etc/init.d/opendkim restart

mail amavis[1459]: (01459-01) (!)connect to /var/run/clamav/clamd.ctl failed, attempt #1: Can't connect to a UNIX socket /var/run/clamav/clamd.ctl: No such file or directory
mail amavis[1459]: (01459-01) (!)ClamAV-clamd: All attempts (1) failed connecting to /var/run/clamav/clamd.ctl, retrying (2)
mail amavis[1459]: (01459-01) (!)ClamAV-clamscan av-scanner FAILED: /usr/bin/clamscan KILLED, signal 9 (0009) at (eval 100) line 905.
mail amavis[1459]: (01459-01) (!!)AV: ALL VIRUS SCANNERS FAILED
# Clamav is not running (not started or because you don't have enough memory)
# => check requirements and/or start Clamav
```

### How to use when behind a Proxy

[Using `user-patches.sh`][docs-userpatches], update the container file `/etc/postfix/main.cf` to include:

```cf
proxy_interfaces = X.X.X.X (your public IP)
```

### What About Updates

You can use your own scripts, or every now and then `pull && stop && rm && start` the images but there are tools already available for this.

There is a section in the [Update and Cleanup][docs-maintenance] documentation page that explains how to do it the docker way.

### How to adjust settings with the `user-patches.sh` script

Suppose you want to change a number of settings that are not listed as variables or add things to the server that are not included?

`docker-mailserver` has a built-in way to do post-install processes. If you place a script called **`user-patches.sh`** in the config directory it will be run after all configuration files are set up, but before the postfix, amavis and other daemons are started.

It is common to use a local directory for config added to `docker-mailsever` via a volume mount in your `docker-compose.yml` (eg: `./docker-data/dms/config/:/tmp/docker-mailserver/`).

Add or create the script file to your config directory:

```sh
cd ./docker-data/dms/config
touch user-patches.sh
chmod +x user-patches.sh
```

Then fill `user-patches.sh` with suitable code.

If you want to test it you can move into the running container, run it and see if it does what you want. For instance:

```sh
# start shell in container
./setup.sh debug login

# check the file
cat /tmp/docker-mailserver/user-patches.sh

# run the script
/tmp/docker-mailserver/user-patches.sh

# exit the container shell back to the host shell
exit
```

You can do a lot of things with such a script. You can find an example `user-patches.sh` script here: [example `user-patches.sh` script][hanscees-userpatches].

We also have a [very similar docs page][docs-userpatches] specifically about this feature!

#### Special use-case - Patching the `supervisord` config

It seems worth noting, that the `user-patches.sh` gets executed through `supervisord`. If you need to patch some supervisord config (e.g. `/etc/supervisor/conf.d/saslauth.conf`), the patching happens too late.

An easy workaround is to make the `user-patches.sh` reload the supervisord config after patching it:

```bash
#!/bin/bash
sed -i 's/rimap -r/rimap/' /etc/supervisor/conf.d/saslauth.conf
supervisorctl update
```

### How to ban custom IP addresses with Fail2ban

Use the following command:

```bash
./setup.sh fail2ban ban <IP>
```

The default bantime is 180 days. This value can be [customized][fail2ban-customize].

[fail2ban-customize]: ./config/security/fail2ban.md
[docs-maintenance]: ./config/advanced/maintenance/update-and-cleanup.md
[docs-userpatches]: ./config/advanced/override-defaults/user-patches.md
[github-issue-95]: https://github.com/docker-mailserver/docker-mailserver/issues/95
[github-issue-97]: https://github.com/docker-mailserver/docker-mailserver/issues/97
[github-issue-1247]: https://github.com/docker-mailserver/docker-mailserver/issues/1247
[github-issue-1405-comment]: https://github.com/docker-mailserver/docker-mailserver/issues/1405#issuecomment-590106498
[github-issue-1639]: https://github.com/docker-mailserver/docker-mailserver/issues/1639
[github-issue-1792]: https://github.com/docker-mailserver/docker-mailserver/pull/1792
[hanscees-userpatches]: https://github.com/hanscees/dockerscripts/blob/master/scripts/tomav-user-patches.sh
[mail-state-folders]: https://github.com/docker-mailserver/docker-mailserver/blob/c7e498194546416fb7231cb03254e77e085d18df/target/scripts/startup/misc-stack.sh#L24-L33